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0 I know my question might have problems, but I am curious about it. In quantum field theory, particle-antiparticle pairs continuously pop in and out of existence from vacuum. These particles have a very short lifetime, at the scale of 10^-22 seconds. My question is, taking into account the QED which says that all electromagnetic forces are created by the exchange of virtual photons , can such shortly-living particles exchange any photon in their short lifetime and somehow perturb the electric field around them? P.S. I know that according to the standard quantum mechanics, "vacuum fluctuations" only occur at the time of observation , and are NOT about dynamics of the system. I am talking in the scope of realistic observer-independent interpretations like Bohmian mechanics. In such interpretations, I think t...