How common is it for a river to enter a valley from a flatter plain?












7














before I get into my question I wanted to thank everyone for their input in my first thread about the general principles of river drawing. I have taken your comments under consideration and began redrawing my waterways accordingly. In the meantime, I'd like to ask a question about rivers and their relationship to mountains.



I've been working on a small, narrow gauge logging railway in a mountaineous region of my land, that runs, for the most part, in a picturesque river valley. Here is something that I've been workshopping and I've been wondering if it is at all prototypical - can a river that was in a relatively flatter part of the land later run between two (or more) large peaks?





I know the reverse can happen, where two imposing peaks on either side can give way to flatter land, but I'm wondering whether what's on my map is at all true to life, given that most major river basins, from what I've seen, tend to get flatter the closer they are to their mouths. Are there any mitigating factors that could make something like this happen in real life?



The use that I would have for an opening like this would be to run the railway through it alongside the river. The trouble is that I haven't seen many examples of something like this in real life except for the confluence of the Hron and Slatina rivers in Slovakia - the Hron ran in a relatively wide valley north of Zvolen, and then squeezes in between two peaks when it meets the Slatina in Zvolen. Because this happens in an industrialized part of the city (Zvolen), I have no idea whether this course was in any way affected by man made activity.





Of course, if I had to implement a ridge bridging these two mountains together, I could run the railway through a tunnel, but that would be an expensive engineering venture for a frugally built logging railway, and they probably wouldn't have bothered. I do have some alternative routes, but I'd like to get some clarification before fully committing to anything. Thank you!



EDITED: This was exactly what I was looking for! Thank you so much to everybody who responded! You guys rock :)










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  • 1




    As long as the plain is higher in altitude yeah. See the Angel Falls for example. Though that might be an extreme case.
    – Richard
    yesterday
















7














before I get into my question I wanted to thank everyone for their input in my first thread about the general principles of river drawing. I have taken your comments under consideration and began redrawing my waterways accordingly. In the meantime, I'd like to ask a question about rivers and their relationship to mountains.



I've been working on a small, narrow gauge logging railway in a mountaineous region of my land, that runs, for the most part, in a picturesque river valley. Here is something that I've been workshopping and I've been wondering if it is at all prototypical - can a river that was in a relatively flatter part of the land later run between two (or more) large peaks?





I know the reverse can happen, where two imposing peaks on either side can give way to flatter land, but I'm wondering whether what's on my map is at all true to life, given that most major river basins, from what I've seen, tend to get flatter the closer they are to their mouths. Are there any mitigating factors that could make something like this happen in real life?



The use that I would have for an opening like this would be to run the railway through it alongside the river. The trouble is that I haven't seen many examples of something like this in real life except for the confluence of the Hron and Slatina rivers in Slovakia - the Hron ran in a relatively wide valley north of Zvolen, and then squeezes in between two peaks when it meets the Slatina in Zvolen. Because this happens in an industrialized part of the city (Zvolen), I have no idea whether this course was in any way affected by man made activity.





Of course, if I had to implement a ridge bridging these two mountains together, I could run the railway through a tunnel, but that would be an expensive engineering venture for a frugally built logging railway, and they probably wouldn't have bothered. I do have some alternative routes, but I'd like to get some clarification before fully committing to anything. Thank you!



EDITED: This was exactly what I was looking for! Thank you so much to everybody who responded! You guys rock :)










share|improve this question









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  • 1




    As long as the plain is higher in altitude yeah. See the Angel Falls for example. Though that might be an extreme case.
    – Richard
    yesterday














7












7








7







before I get into my question I wanted to thank everyone for their input in my first thread about the general principles of river drawing. I have taken your comments under consideration and began redrawing my waterways accordingly. In the meantime, I'd like to ask a question about rivers and their relationship to mountains.



I've been working on a small, narrow gauge logging railway in a mountaineous region of my land, that runs, for the most part, in a picturesque river valley. Here is something that I've been workshopping and I've been wondering if it is at all prototypical - can a river that was in a relatively flatter part of the land later run between two (or more) large peaks?





I know the reverse can happen, where two imposing peaks on either side can give way to flatter land, but I'm wondering whether what's on my map is at all true to life, given that most major river basins, from what I've seen, tend to get flatter the closer they are to their mouths. Are there any mitigating factors that could make something like this happen in real life?



The use that I would have for an opening like this would be to run the railway through it alongside the river. The trouble is that I haven't seen many examples of something like this in real life except for the confluence of the Hron and Slatina rivers in Slovakia - the Hron ran in a relatively wide valley north of Zvolen, and then squeezes in between two peaks when it meets the Slatina in Zvolen. Because this happens in an industrialized part of the city (Zvolen), I have no idea whether this course was in any way affected by man made activity.





Of course, if I had to implement a ridge bridging these two mountains together, I could run the railway through a tunnel, but that would be an expensive engineering venture for a frugally built logging railway, and they probably wouldn't have bothered. I do have some alternative routes, but I'd like to get some clarification before fully committing to anything. Thank you!



EDITED: This was exactly what I was looking for! Thank you so much to everybody who responded! You guys rock :)










share|improve this question









New contributor




Andrew is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.











before I get into my question I wanted to thank everyone for their input in my first thread about the general principles of river drawing. I have taken your comments under consideration and began redrawing my waterways accordingly. In the meantime, I'd like to ask a question about rivers and their relationship to mountains.



I've been working on a small, narrow gauge logging railway in a mountaineous region of my land, that runs, for the most part, in a picturesque river valley. Here is something that I've been workshopping and I've been wondering if it is at all prototypical - can a river that was in a relatively flatter part of the land later run between two (or more) large peaks?





I know the reverse can happen, where two imposing peaks on either side can give way to flatter land, but I'm wondering whether what's on my map is at all true to life, given that most major river basins, from what I've seen, tend to get flatter the closer they are to their mouths. Are there any mitigating factors that could make something like this happen in real life?



The use that I would have for an opening like this would be to run the railway through it alongside the river. The trouble is that I haven't seen many examples of something like this in real life except for the confluence of the Hron and Slatina rivers in Slovakia - the Hron ran in a relatively wide valley north of Zvolen, and then squeezes in between two peaks when it meets the Slatina in Zvolen. Because this happens in an industrialized part of the city (Zvolen), I have no idea whether this course was in any way affected by man made activity.





Of course, if I had to implement a ridge bridging these two mountains together, I could run the railway through a tunnel, but that would be an expensive engineering venture for a frugally built logging railway, and they probably wouldn't have bothered. I do have some alternative routes, but I'd like to get some clarification before fully committing to anything. Thank you!



EDITED: This was exactly what I was looking for! Thank you so much to everybody who responded! You guys rock :)







geography water mountains rivers






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edited 22 hours ago





















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asked yesterday









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  • 1




    As long as the plain is higher in altitude yeah. See the Angel Falls for example. Though that might be an extreme case.
    – Richard
    yesterday














  • 1




    As long as the plain is higher in altitude yeah. See the Angel Falls for example. Though that might be an extreme case.
    – Richard
    yesterday








1




1




As long as the plain is higher in altitude yeah. See the Angel Falls for example. Though that might be an extreme case.
– Richard
yesterday




As long as the plain is higher in altitude yeah. See the Angel Falls for example. Though that might be an extreme case.
– Richard
yesterday










4 Answers
4






active

oldest

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12














This is actually fairly common. There is even a website dedicated to them.



Often this is a sign that the river is older than the mountain. They are often called ancestral rivers and gaps (such as the water gap and wind gap in the US). the river keeps cutting as the mountain rises (or the rest of the land erodes away) cutting a valley in it. The river does not even have to be older it just has to find a crack, or porous section to cut through. The trellis type of river drainage is known for having lots of such cross cuts.



Also keep in mind flat areas may not have always been flat, glacier dams can redirect water AND carve flat land at the same time sometimes even push up smaller mountains and hills (moraine) from dropped debris which then get cut though.



These are uncommon enough to be noticable but common enough they will not draw much attention.






share|improve this answer































    10














    The Danube does it twice



    It is not at all uncommon for a river to flow slowly trough flat land only to find itself constrained into a narrow gorge.



    In European geography, probably the best known example is the Danube, which crosses the Carpathian mountains twice, first through the Devín Gate at the northen end of the range,on the border of Slovakia and Austria, and then through the spectacular Iron Gates at the southern end of the range, on the border between Romania and Serbia.





    • Devín Gate or Hainburger Gate (Slovak: Devínska brána; German: Hainburger Pforte) is a natural gate in the Danube valley at the border of Slovakia and Austria. It is one out of four geomorphological areas of the Devín Carpathians, part of the Little Carpathians mountain range. Passau, Devín Gate, and the Iron Gates divide the Danube river into four distinct sections. (Wikipedia)


    • The Iron Gates (Romanian: Porțile de Fier, Serbian: Ђердапска клисура / Đerdapska klisura or Гвоздена врата / Gvozdena vrata, Bulgarian: Железни врата, German: Eisernes Tor, Hungarian: Vaskapu) is a gorge on the river Danube. It forms part of the boundary between Serbia (to the south) and Romania (north). In the broad sense it encompasses a route of 134 km (83 mi); in the narrow sense it only encompasses the last barrier on this route, just beyond the Romanian city of Orșova, that contains two hydroelectric dams, with two power stations, Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station and Iron Gate II Hydroelectric Power Station. (Wikipedia)





    Middle and Lower Danube, with the Devín Gate and Iron Gates marked



    The middle and lower course of the Danube, with the Devín Gate and Iron Gates marked with red circles. Own work, derived from a map of Europe by Dbachmann available on Wikimedia under the CC BY-SA 4.0 International license.



    On the same map you can see the Olt river flowing east to west through southen Transylvania, only to make a sharp turn to the south and cross the Southen Carpatians through a narrow gorge, the Olt Defile.



    The Yarlung Zangbo / Brahmaputra



    But the most spectacular example worldwide is, in my opinion, the Yarlung / Brahmaputra. Both the upper course (the Yarlung Zangbo, flowing west to east through Tibet), and the lower course (the Brahmaputra, flowing east to west through Assam) were known since times immemorial; but it was only in the second half of the 19th century that the awe-inspiring canyon connecting them was explored and the two rivers were shown to be one and the same. The Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon is 504.6 km (314 miles) long, with a drop of 2,300 meters (from 2,900 to 600 meters altitude); it is the deepest canyon in the world, with an average depth of 2,268 m (7,440 feet) and a maximum depth of 6,009 m (19,714 feet). Or at least it is so written in the Wikipedia.



    Course of the Yarlung Zangbo / Brahmaputra river



    Course of the Yarlung Zangbo / Brahmaputra. Map by Pfly, available on Wikimedia under the CC BY-SA 3.0 license.




    I have to attempt a curious and important journey, the plan of which has been drawn up by my learned friend and colleague, M. Vivien de Saint Martin. I am to pursue the track of the Schlaginweit Brothers; and Colonels Waugh and Webb, and Hodgson; and Huc and Gabet, the missionaries; and Moorecroft and M. Jules Remy, and so many celebrated travelers. I mean to try and succeed where Krick, the missionary so unfortunately failed in 1846; in a word, I want to follow the course of the river Yarou-Dzangbo-Tchou, which waters Thibet for a distance of 1500 kilometres, flowing along the northern base of the Himalayas, and to find out at last whether this river does not join itself to the Brahmapoutre in the northeast of As-sam. The gold medal, my Lord, is promised to the traveler who will succeed in ascertaining a fact which is one of the greatest Desiderata to the geography of India. (Jacques Eliacin François Marie Paganel, Secretary of the Geographical Society of Paris, Corresponding Member of the Societies of Berlin, Bombay, Darmstadt, Leipsic, London, St. Petersburg, Vienna, and New York, and Honorary Member of the Royal Geographical and Ethnographical Institute of the East Indies, explaining his original travel plans to Lord Edward Glenarvan of Scotland, in Jules Verne's In Search of the Castaways, 1867).







    share|improve this answer























    • I think your easts/wests are backwards for Yarlung Zangbo / Brahmaputra.
      – curiousdannii
      yesterday






    • 1




      @curiousdannii: You are correct. I have corrected the answer.
      – AlexP
      23 hours ago












    • I think your easts/wests are backwards for the Olt, too. (It flows west then south.)
      – Rosie F
      21 hours ago






    • 2




      @RosieF: You are correct too. I'm afraid I need to check to see whether I fell in the mirror universe.
      – AlexP
      21 hours ago



















    7














    The Colorado river at Cameron AZ flows across a fairly flat landscape.



    Go downstream, and you enter the Grand Canyon. This has been caused by a mountain forming event and the river cutting down through the mountains as they rose (over geological timescales)



    Following the Colorado downstream you can see several times when it moves from plains to gorge and back again.



    So it can happen, it needs a river that is unusually determined to follow its course, even as mountains form across its path.






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    • 1




      It also helps if a) the terrain is geologically young, and b) although flat is tilted.
      – WhatRoughBeast
      yesterday






    • 2




      Other examples, off the top of my head: 1) Columbia River flowing through the Cascades, land to the east is comparatively flat; 2) Sacramento/San Joaquin Rivers flowing from California's Central Valley through Carquinez Strait to SF Bay; The Truckee & Carson Rivers (Northern Nevada) flow through flat valleys east of the Sierra before flowing into canyoms.
      – jamesqf
      yesterday



















    3














    Another, and much smaller scale, example is the Derwent River in the English Lake District. It meanders northward through the flat land of Borrowdale, before entering the narrow Jaws of Borrowdale between Castle Crag and Grange Fell. Link to Google Map of the area



    In this Google Earth view you can see the river and the road between fields in the broader flat part of the valley, and where they are forced to run close together through the Jaws of Borrowdale.
    River Derwent in Borrowdale



    There are two aerial photos looking south / upstream at https://www.visitcumbria.com/kes/borrowdale/






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      4 Answers
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      4 Answers
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      12














      This is actually fairly common. There is even a website dedicated to them.



      Often this is a sign that the river is older than the mountain. They are often called ancestral rivers and gaps (such as the water gap and wind gap in the US). the river keeps cutting as the mountain rises (or the rest of the land erodes away) cutting a valley in it. The river does not even have to be older it just has to find a crack, or porous section to cut through. The trellis type of river drainage is known for having lots of such cross cuts.



      Also keep in mind flat areas may not have always been flat, glacier dams can redirect water AND carve flat land at the same time sometimes even push up smaller mountains and hills (moraine) from dropped debris which then get cut though.



      These are uncommon enough to be noticable but common enough they will not draw much attention.






      share|improve this answer




























        12














        This is actually fairly common. There is even a website dedicated to them.



        Often this is a sign that the river is older than the mountain. They are often called ancestral rivers and gaps (such as the water gap and wind gap in the US). the river keeps cutting as the mountain rises (or the rest of the land erodes away) cutting a valley in it. The river does not even have to be older it just has to find a crack, or porous section to cut through. The trellis type of river drainage is known for having lots of such cross cuts.



        Also keep in mind flat areas may not have always been flat, glacier dams can redirect water AND carve flat land at the same time sometimes even push up smaller mountains and hills (moraine) from dropped debris which then get cut though.



        These are uncommon enough to be noticable but common enough they will not draw much attention.






        share|improve this answer


























          12












          12








          12






          This is actually fairly common. There is even a website dedicated to them.



          Often this is a sign that the river is older than the mountain. They are often called ancestral rivers and gaps (such as the water gap and wind gap in the US). the river keeps cutting as the mountain rises (or the rest of the land erodes away) cutting a valley in it. The river does not even have to be older it just has to find a crack, or porous section to cut through. The trellis type of river drainage is known for having lots of such cross cuts.



          Also keep in mind flat areas may not have always been flat, glacier dams can redirect water AND carve flat land at the same time sometimes even push up smaller mountains and hills (moraine) from dropped debris which then get cut though.



          These are uncommon enough to be noticable but common enough they will not draw much attention.






          share|improve this answer














          This is actually fairly common. There is even a website dedicated to them.



          Often this is a sign that the river is older than the mountain. They are often called ancestral rivers and gaps (such as the water gap and wind gap in the US). the river keeps cutting as the mountain rises (or the rest of the land erodes away) cutting a valley in it. The river does not even have to be older it just has to find a crack, or porous section to cut through. The trellis type of river drainage is known for having lots of such cross cuts.



          Also keep in mind flat areas may not have always been flat, glacier dams can redirect water AND carve flat land at the same time sometimes even push up smaller mountains and hills (moraine) from dropped debris which then get cut though.



          These are uncommon enough to be noticable but common enough they will not draw much attention.







          share|improve this answer














          share|improve this answer



          share|improve this answer








          edited yesterday

























          answered yesterday









          John

          30.9k842110




          30.9k842110























              10














              The Danube does it twice



              It is not at all uncommon for a river to flow slowly trough flat land only to find itself constrained into a narrow gorge.



              In European geography, probably the best known example is the Danube, which crosses the Carpathian mountains twice, first through the Devín Gate at the northen end of the range,on the border of Slovakia and Austria, and then through the spectacular Iron Gates at the southern end of the range, on the border between Romania and Serbia.





              • Devín Gate or Hainburger Gate (Slovak: Devínska brána; German: Hainburger Pforte) is a natural gate in the Danube valley at the border of Slovakia and Austria. It is one out of four geomorphological areas of the Devín Carpathians, part of the Little Carpathians mountain range. Passau, Devín Gate, and the Iron Gates divide the Danube river into four distinct sections. (Wikipedia)


              • The Iron Gates (Romanian: Porțile de Fier, Serbian: Ђердапска клисура / Đerdapska klisura or Гвоздена врата / Gvozdena vrata, Bulgarian: Железни врата, German: Eisernes Tor, Hungarian: Vaskapu) is a gorge on the river Danube. It forms part of the boundary between Serbia (to the south) and Romania (north). In the broad sense it encompasses a route of 134 km (83 mi); in the narrow sense it only encompasses the last barrier on this route, just beyond the Romanian city of Orșova, that contains two hydroelectric dams, with two power stations, Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station and Iron Gate II Hydroelectric Power Station. (Wikipedia)





              Middle and Lower Danube, with the Devín Gate and Iron Gates marked



              The middle and lower course of the Danube, with the Devín Gate and Iron Gates marked with red circles. Own work, derived from a map of Europe by Dbachmann available on Wikimedia under the CC BY-SA 4.0 International license.



              On the same map you can see the Olt river flowing east to west through southen Transylvania, only to make a sharp turn to the south and cross the Southen Carpatians through a narrow gorge, the Olt Defile.



              The Yarlung Zangbo / Brahmaputra



              But the most spectacular example worldwide is, in my opinion, the Yarlung / Brahmaputra. Both the upper course (the Yarlung Zangbo, flowing west to east through Tibet), and the lower course (the Brahmaputra, flowing east to west through Assam) were known since times immemorial; but it was only in the second half of the 19th century that the awe-inspiring canyon connecting them was explored and the two rivers were shown to be one and the same. The Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon is 504.6 km (314 miles) long, with a drop of 2,300 meters (from 2,900 to 600 meters altitude); it is the deepest canyon in the world, with an average depth of 2,268 m (7,440 feet) and a maximum depth of 6,009 m (19,714 feet). Or at least it is so written in the Wikipedia.



              Course of the Yarlung Zangbo / Brahmaputra river



              Course of the Yarlung Zangbo / Brahmaputra. Map by Pfly, available on Wikimedia under the CC BY-SA 3.0 license.




              I have to attempt a curious and important journey, the plan of which has been drawn up by my learned friend and colleague, M. Vivien de Saint Martin. I am to pursue the track of the Schlaginweit Brothers; and Colonels Waugh and Webb, and Hodgson; and Huc and Gabet, the missionaries; and Moorecroft and M. Jules Remy, and so many celebrated travelers. I mean to try and succeed where Krick, the missionary so unfortunately failed in 1846; in a word, I want to follow the course of the river Yarou-Dzangbo-Tchou, which waters Thibet for a distance of 1500 kilometres, flowing along the northern base of the Himalayas, and to find out at last whether this river does not join itself to the Brahmapoutre in the northeast of As-sam. The gold medal, my Lord, is promised to the traveler who will succeed in ascertaining a fact which is one of the greatest Desiderata to the geography of India. (Jacques Eliacin François Marie Paganel, Secretary of the Geographical Society of Paris, Corresponding Member of the Societies of Berlin, Bombay, Darmstadt, Leipsic, London, St. Petersburg, Vienna, and New York, and Honorary Member of the Royal Geographical and Ethnographical Institute of the East Indies, explaining his original travel plans to Lord Edward Glenarvan of Scotland, in Jules Verne's In Search of the Castaways, 1867).







              share|improve this answer























              • I think your easts/wests are backwards for Yarlung Zangbo / Brahmaputra.
                – curiousdannii
                yesterday






              • 1




                @curiousdannii: You are correct. I have corrected the answer.
                – AlexP
                23 hours ago












              • I think your easts/wests are backwards for the Olt, too. (It flows west then south.)
                – Rosie F
                21 hours ago






              • 2




                @RosieF: You are correct too. I'm afraid I need to check to see whether I fell in the mirror universe.
                – AlexP
                21 hours ago
















              10














              The Danube does it twice



              It is not at all uncommon for a river to flow slowly trough flat land only to find itself constrained into a narrow gorge.



              In European geography, probably the best known example is the Danube, which crosses the Carpathian mountains twice, first through the Devín Gate at the northen end of the range,on the border of Slovakia and Austria, and then through the spectacular Iron Gates at the southern end of the range, on the border between Romania and Serbia.





              • Devín Gate or Hainburger Gate (Slovak: Devínska brána; German: Hainburger Pforte) is a natural gate in the Danube valley at the border of Slovakia and Austria. It is one out of four geomorphological areas of the Devín Carpathians, part of the Little Carpathians mountain range. Passau, Devín Gate, and the Iron Gates divide the Danube river into four distinct sections. (Wikipedia)


              • The Iron Gates (Romanian: Porțile de Fier, Serbian: Ђердапска клисура / Đerdapska klisura or Гвоздена врата / Gvozdena vrata, Bulgarian: Железни врата, German: Eisernes Tor, Hungarian: Vaskapu) is a gorge on the river Danube. It forms part of the boundary between Serbia (to the south) and Romania (north). In the broad sense it encompasses a route of 134 km (83 mi); in the narrow sense it only encompasses the last barrier on this route, just beyond the Romanian city of Orșova, that contains two hydroelectric dams, with two power stations, Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station and Iron Gate II Hydroelectric Power Station. (Wikipedia)





              Middle and Lower Danube, with the Devín Gate and Iron Gates marked



              The middle and lower course of the Danube, with the Devín Gate and Iron Gates marked with red circles. Own work, derived from a map of Europe by Dbachmann available on Wikimedia under the CC BY-SA 4.0 International license.



              On the same map you can see the Olt river flowing east to west through southen Transylvania, only to make a sharp turn to the south and cross the Southen Carpatians through a narrow gorge, the Olt Defile.



              The Yarlung Zangbo / Brahmaputra



              But the most spectacular example worldwide is, in my opinion, the Yarlung / Brahmaputra. Both the upper course (the Yarlung Zangbo, flowing west to east through Tibet), and the lower course (the Brahmaputra, flowing east to west through Assam) were known since times immemorial; but it was only in the second half of the 19th century that the awe-inspiring canyon connecting them was explored and the two rivers were shown to be one and the same. The Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon is 504.6 km (314 miles) long, with a drop of 2,300 meters (from 2,900 to 600 meters altitude); it is the deepest canyon in the world, with an average depth of 2,268 m (7,440 feet) and a maximum depth of 6,009 m (19,714 feet). Or at least it is so written in the Wikipedia.



              Course of the Yarlung Zangbo / Brahmaputra river



              Course of the Yarlung Zangbo / Brahmaputra. Map by Pfly, available on Wikimedia under the CC BY-SA 3.0 license.




              I have to attempt a curious and important journey, the plan of which has been drawn up by my learned friend and colleague, M. Vivien de Saint Martin. I am to pursue the track of the Schlaginweit Brothers; and Colonels Waugh and Webb, and Hodgson; and Huc and Gabet, the missionaries; and Moorecroft and M. Jules Remy, and so many celebrated travelers. I mean to try and succeed where Krick, the missionary so unfortunately failed in 1846; in a word, I want to follow the course of the river Yarou-Dzangbo-Tchou, which waters Thibet for a distance of 1500 kilometres, flowing along the northern base of the Himalayas, and to find out at last whether this river does not join itself to the Brahmapoutre in the northeast of As-sam. The gold medal, my Lord, is promised to the traveler who will succeed in ascertaining a fact which is one of the greatest Desiderata to the geography of India. (Jacques Eliacin François Marie Paganel, Secretary of the Geographical Society of Paris, Corresponding Member of the Societies of Berlin, Bombay, Darmstadt, Leipsic, London, St. Petersburg, Vienna, and New York, and Honorary Member of the Royal Geographical and Ethnographical Institute of the East Indies, explaining his original travel plans to Lord Edward Glenarvan of Scotland, in Jules Verne's In Search of the Castaways, 1867).







              share|improve this answer























              • I think your easts/wests are backwards for Yarlung Zangbo / Brahmaputra.
                – curiousdannii
                yesterday






              • 1




                @curiousdannii: You are correct. I have corrected the answer.
                – AlexP
                23 hours ago












              • I think your easts/wests are backwards for the Olt, too. (It flows west then south.)
                – Rosie F
                21 hours ago






              • 2




                @RosieF: You are correct too. I'm afraid I need to check to see whether I fell in the mirror universe.
                – AlexP
                21 hours ago














              10












              10








              10






              The Danube does it twice



              It is not at all uncommon for a river to flow slowly trough flat land only to find itself constrained into a narrow gorge.



              In European geography, probably the best known example is the Danube, which crosses the Carpathian mountains twice, first through the Devín Gate at the northen end of the range,on the border of Slovakia and Austria, and then through the spectacular Iron Gates at the southern end of the range, on the border between Romania and Serbia.





              • Devín Gate or Hainburger Gate (Slovak: Devínska brána; German: Hainburger Pforte) is a natural gate in the Danube valley at the border of Slovakia and Austria. It is one out of four geomorphological areas of the Devín Carpathians, part of the Little Carpathians mountain range. Passau, Devín Gate, and the Iron Gates divide the Danube river into four distinct sections. (Wikipedia)


              • The Iron Gates (Romanian: Porțile de Fier, Serbian: Ђердапска клисура / Đerdapska klisura or Гвоздена врата / Gvozdena vrata, Bulgarian: Железни врата, German: Eisernes Tor, Hungarian: Vaskapu) is a gorge on the river Danube. It forms part of the boundary between Serbia (to the south) and Romania (north). In the broad sense it encompasses a route of 134 km (83 mi); in the narrow sense it only encompasses the last barrier on this route, just beyond the Romanian city of Orșova, that contains two hydroelectric dams, with two power stations, Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station and Iron Gate II Hydroelectric Power Station. (Wikipedia)





              Middle and Lower Danube, with the Devín Gate and Iron Gates marked



              The middle and lower course of the Danube, with the Devín Gate and Iron Gates marked with red circles. Own work, derived from a map of Europe by Dbachmann available on Wikimedia under the CC BY-SA 4.0 International license.



              On the same map you can see the Olt river flowing east to west through southen Transylvania, only to make a sharp turn to the south and cross the Southen Carpatians through a narrow gorge, the Olt Defile.



              The Yarlung Zangbo / Brahmaputra



              But the most spectacular example worldwide is, in my opinion, the Yarlung / Brahmaputra. Both the upper course (the Yarlung Zangbo, flowing west to east through Tibet), and the lower course (the Brahmaputra, flowing east to west through Assam) were known since times immemorial; but it was only in the second half of the 19th century that the awe-inspiring canyon connecting them was explored and the two rivers were shown to be one and the same. The Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon is 504.6 km (314 miles) long, with a drop of 2,300 meters (from 2,900 to 600 meters altitude); it is the deepest canyon in the world, with an average depth of 2,268 m (7,440 feet) and a maximum depth of 6,009 m (19,714 feet). Or at least it is so written in the Wikipedia.



              Course of the Yarlung Zangbo / Brahmaputra river



              Course of the Yarlung Zangbo / Brahmaputra. Map by Pfly, available on Wikimedia under the CC BY-SA 3.0 license.




              I have to attempt a curious and important journey, the plan of which has been drawn up by my learned friend and colleague, M. Vivien de Saint Martin. I am to pursue the track of the Schlaginweit Brothers; and Colonels Waugh and Webb, and Hodgson; and Huc and Gabet, the missionaries; and Moorecroft and M. Jules Remy, and so many celebrated travelers. I mean to try and succeed where Krick, the missionary so unfortunately failed in 1846; in a word, I want to follow the course of the river Yarou-Dzangbo-Tchou, which waters Thibet for a distance of 1500 kilometres, flowing along the northern base of the Himalayas, and to find out at last whether this river does not join itself to the Brahmapoutre in the northeast of As-sam. The gold medal, my Lord, is promised to the traveler who will succeed in ascertaining a fact which is one of the greatest Desiderata to the geography of India. (Jacques Eliacin François Marie Paganel, Secretary of the Geographical Society of Paris, Corresponding Member of the Societies of Berlin, Bombay, Darmstadt, Leipsic, London, St. Petersburg, Vienna, and New York, and Honorary Member of the Royal Geographical and Ethnographical Institute of the East Indies, explaining his original travel plans to Lord Edward Glenarvan of Scotland, in Jules Verne's In Search of the Castaways, 1867).







              share|improve this answer














              The Danube does it twice



              It is not at all uncommon for a river to flow slowly trough flat land only to find itself constrained into a narrow gorge.



              In European geography, probably the best known example is the Danube, which crosses the Carpathian mountains twice, first through the Devín Gate at the northen end of the range,on the border of Slovakia and Austria, and then through the spectacular Iron Gates at the southern end of the range, on the border between Romania and Serbia.





              • Devín Gate or Hainburger Gate (Slovak: Devínska brána; German: Hainburger Pforte) is a natural gate in the Danube valley at the border of Slovakia and Austria. It is one out of four geomorphological areas of the Devín Carpathians, part of the Little Carpathians mountain range. Passau, Devín Gate, and the Iron Gates divide the Danube river into four distinct sections. (Wikipedia)


              • The Iron Gates (Romanian: Porțile de Fier, Serbian: Ђердапска клисура / Đerdapska klisura or Гвоздена врата / Gvozdena vrata, Bulgarian: Железни врата, German: Eisernes Tor, Hungarian: Vaskapu) is a gorge on the river Danube. It forms part of the boundary between Serbia (to the south) and Romania (north). In the broad sense it encompasses a route of 134 km (83 mi); in the narrow sense it only encompasses the last barrier on this route, just beyond the Romanian city of Orșova, that contains two hydroelectric dams, with two power stations, Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station and Iron Gate II Hydroelectric Power Station. (Wikipedia)





              Middle and Lower Danube, with the Devín Gate and Iron Gates marked



              The middle and lower course of the Danube, with the Devín Gate and Iron Gates marked with red circles. Own work, derived from a map of Europe by Dbachmann available on Wikimedia under the CC BY-SA 4.0 International license.



              On the same map you can see the Olt river flowing east to west through southen Transylvania, only to make a sharp turn to the south and cross the Southen Carpatians through a narrow gorge, the Olt Defile.



              The Yarlung Zangbo / Brahmaputra



              But the most spectacular example worldwide is, in my opinion, the Yarlung / Brahmaputra. Both the upper course (the Yarlung Zangbo, flowing west to east through Tibet), and the lower course (the Brahmaputra, flowing east to west through Assam) were known since times immemorial; but it was only in the second half of the 19th century that the awe-inspiring canyon connecting them was explored and the two rivers were shown to be one and the same. The Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon is 504.6 km (314 miles) long, with a drop of 2,300 meters (from 2,900 to 600 meters altitude); it is the deepest canyon in the world, with an average depth of 2,268 m (7,440 feet) and a maximum depth of 6,009 m (19,714 feet). Or at least it is so written in the Wikipedia.



              Course of the Yarlung Zangbo / Brahmaputra river



              Course of the Yarlung Zangbo / Brahmaputra. Map by Pfly, available on Wikimedia under the CC BY-SA 3.0 license.




              I have to attempt a curious and important journey, the plan of which has been drawn up by my learned friend and colleague, M. Vivien de Saint Martin. I am to pursue the track of the Schlaginweit Brothers; and Colonels Waugh and Webb, and Hodgson; and Huc and Gabet, the missionaries; and Moorecroft and M. Jules Remy, and so many celebrated travelers. I mean to try and succeed where Krick, the missionary so unfortunately failed in 1846; in a word, I want to follow the course of the river Yarou-Dzangbo-Tchou, which waters Thibet for a distance of 1500 kilometres, flowing along the northern base of the Himalayas, and to find out at last whether this river does not join itself to the Brahmapoutre in the northeast of As-sam. The gold medal, my Lord, is promised to the traveler who will succeed in ascertaining a fact which is one of the greatest Desiderata to the geography of India. (Jacques Eliacin François Marie Paganel, Secretary of the Geographical Society of Paris, Corresponding Member of the Societies of Berlin, Bombay, Darmstadt, Leipsic, London, St. Petersburg, Vienna, and New York, and Honorary Member of the Royal Geographical and Ethnographical Institute of the East Indies, explaining his original travel plans to Lord Edward Glenarvan of Scotland, in Jules Verne's In Search of the Castaways, 1867).








              share|improve this answer














              share|improve this answer



              share|improve this answer








              edited 17 hours ago

























              answered yesterday









              AlexP

              35.6k779138




              35.6k779138












              • I think your easts/wests are backwards for Yarlung Zangbo / Brahmaputra.
                – curiousdannii
                yesterday






              • 1




                @curiousdannii: You are correct. I have corrected the answer.
                – AlexP
                23 hours ago












              • I think your easts/wests are backwards for the Olt, too. (It flows west then south.)
                – Rosie F
                21 hours ago






              • 2




                @RosieF: You are correct too. I'm afraid I need to check to see whether I fell in the mirror universe.
                – AlexP
                21 hours ago


















              • I think your easts/wests are backwards for Yarlung Zangbo / Brahmaputra.
                – curiousdannii
                yesterday






              • 1




                @curiousdannii: You are correct. I have corrected the answer.
                – AlexP
                23 hours ago












              • I think your easts/wests are backwards for the Olt, too. (It flows west then south.)
                – Rosie F
                21 hours ago






              • 2




                @RosieF: You are correct too. I'm afraid I need to check to see whether I fell in the mirror universe.
                – AlexP
                21 hours ago
















              I think your easts/wests are backwards for Yarlung Zangbo / Brahmaputra.
              – curiousdannii
              yesterday




              I think your easts/wests are backwards for Yarlung Zangbo / Brahmaputra.
              – curiousdannii
              yesterday




              1




              1




              @curiousdannii: You are correct. I have corrected the answer.
              – AlexP
              23 hours ago






              @curiousdannii: You are correct. I have corrected the answer.
              – AlexP
              23 hours ago














              I think your easts/wests are backwards for the Olt, too. (It flows west then south.)
              – Rosie F
              21 hours ago




              I think your easts/wests are backwards for the Olt, too. (It flows west then south.)
              – Rosie F
              21 hours ago




              2




              2




              @RosieF: You are correct too. I'm afraid I need to check to see whether I fell in the mirror universe.
              – AlexP
              21 hours ago




              @RosieF: You are correct too. I'm afraid I need to check to see whether I fell in the mirror universe.
              – AlexP
              21 hours ago











              7














              The Colorado river at Cameron AZ flows across a fairly flat landscape.



              Go downstream, and you enter the Grand Canyon. This has been caused by a mountain forming event and the river cutting down through the mountains as they rose (over geological timescales)



              Following the Colorado downstream you can see several times when it moves from plains to gorge and back again.



              So it can happen, it needs a river that is unusually determined to follow its course, even as mountains form across its path.






              share|improve this answer

















              • 1




                It also helps if a) the terrain is geologically young, and b) although flat is tilted.
                – WhatRoughBeast
                yesterday






              • 2




                Other examples, off the top of my head: 1) Columbia River flowing through the Cascades, land to the east is comparatively flat; 2) Sacramento/San Joaquin Rivers flowing from California's Central Valley through Carquinez Strait to SF Bay; The Truckee & Carson Rivers (Northern Nevada) flow through flat valleys east of the Sierra before flowing into canyoms.
                – jamesqf
                yesterday
















              7














              The Colorado river at Cameron AZ flows across a fairly flat landscape.



              Go downstream, and you enter the Grand Canyon. This has been caused by a mountain forming event and the river cutting down through the mountains as they rose (over geological timescales)



              Following the Colorado downstream you can see several times when it moves from plains to gorge and back again.



              So it can happen, it needs a river that is unusually determined to follow its course, even as mountains form across its path.






              share|improve this answer

















              • 1




                It also helps if a) the terrain is geologically young, and b) although flat is tilted.
                – WhatRoughBeast
                yesterday






              • 2




                Other examples, off the top of my head: 1) Columbia River flowing through the Cascades, land to the east is comparatively flat; 2) Sacramento/San Joaquin Rivers flowing from California's Central Valley through Carquinez Strait to SF Bay; The Truckee & Carson Rivers (Northern Nevada) flow through flat valleys east of the Sierra before flowing into canyoms.
                – jamesqf
                yesterday














              7












              7








              7






              The Colorado river at Cameron AZ flows across a fairly flat landscape.



              Go downstream, and you enter the Grand Canyon. This has been caused by a mountain forming event and the river cutting down through the mountains as they rose (over geological timescales)



              Following the Colorado downstream you can see several times when it moves from plains to gorge and back again.



              So it can happen, it needs a river that is unusually determined to follow its course, even as mountains form across its path.






              share|improve this answer












              The Colorado river at Cameron AZ flows across a fairly flat landscape.



              Go downstream, and you enter the Grand Canyon. This has been caused by a mountain forming event and the river cutting down through the mountains as they rose (over geological timescales)



              Following the Colorado downstream you can see several times when it moves from plains to gorge and back again.



              So it can happen, it needs a river that is unusually determined to follow its course, even as mountains form across its path.







              share|improve this answer












              share|improve this answer



              share|improve this answer










              answered yesterday









              James K

              8,7081742




              8,7081742








              • 1




                It also helps if a) the terrain is geologically young, and b) although flat is tilted.
                – WhatRoughBeast
                yesterday






              • 2




                Other examples, off the top of my head: 1) Columbia River flowing through the Cascades, land to the east is comparatively flat; 2) Sacramento/San Joaquin Rivers flowing from California's Central Valley through Carquinez Strait to SF Bay; The Truckee & Carson Rivers (Northern Nevada) flow through flat valleys east of the Sierra before flowing into canyoms.
                – jamesqf
                yesterday














              • 1




                It also helps if a) the terrain is geologically young, and b) although flat is tilted.
                – WhatRoughBeast
                yesterday






              • 2




                Other examples, off the top of my head: 1) Columbia River flowing through the Cascades, land to the east is comparatively flat; 2) Sacramento/San Joaquin Rivers flowing from California's Central Valley through Carquinez Strait to SF Bay; The Truckee & Carson Rivers (Northern Nevada) flow through flat valleys east of the Sierra before flowing into canyoms.
                – jamesqf
                yesterday








              1




              1




              It also helps if a) the terrain is geologically young, and b) although flat is tilted.
              – WhatRoughBeast
              yesterday




              It also helps if a) the terrain is geologically young, and b) although flat is tilted.
              – WhatRoughBeast
              yesterday




              2




              2




              Other examples, off the top of my head: 1) Columbia River flowing through the Cascades, land to the east is comparatively flat; 2) Sacramento/San Joaquin Rivers flowing from California's Central Valley through Carquinez Strait to SF Bay; The Truckee & Carson Rivers (Northern Nevada) flow through flat valleys east of the Sierra before flowing into canyoms.
              – jamesqf
              yesterday




              Other examples, off the top of my head: 1) Columbia River flowing through the Cascades, land to the east is comparatively flat; 2) Sacramento/San Joaquin Rivers flowing from California's Central Valley through Carquinez Strait to SF Bay; The Truckee & Carson Rivers (Northern Nevada) flow through flat valleys east of the Sierra before flowing into canyoms.
              – jamesqf
              yesterday











              3














              Another, and much smaller scale, example is the Derwent River in the English Lake District. It meanders northward through the flat land of Borrowdale, before entering the narrow Jaws of Borrowdale between Castle Crag and Grange Fell. Link to Google Map of the area



              In this Google Earth view you can see the river and the road between fields in the broader flat part of the valley, and where they are forced to run close together through the Jaws of Borrowdale.
              River Derwent in Borrowdale



              There are two aerial photos looking south / upstream at https://www.visitcumbria.com/kes/borrowdale/






              share|improve this answer








              New contributor




              Randy Orrison is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
              Check out our Code of Conduct.























                3














                Another, and much smaller scale, example is the Derwent River in the English Lake District. It meanders northward through the flat land of Borrowdale, before entering the narrow Jaws of Borrowdale between Castle Crag and Grange Fell. Link to Google Map of the area



                In this Google Earth view you can see the river and the road between fields in the broader flat part of the valley, and where they are forced to run close together through the Jaws of Borrowdale.
                River Derwent in Borrowdale



                There are two aerial photos looking south / upstream at https://www.visitcumbria.com/kes/borrowdale/






                share|improve this answer








                New contributor




                Randy Orrison is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
                Check out our Code of Conduct.





















                  3












                  3








                  3






                  Another, and much smaller scale, example is the Derwent River in the English Lake District. It meanders northward through the flat land of Borrowdale, before entering the narrow Jaws of Borrowdale between Castle Crag and Grange Fell. Link to Google Map of the area



                  In this Google Earth view you can see the river and the road between fields in the broader flat part of the valley, and where they are forced to run close together through the Jaws of Borrowdale.
                  River Derwent in Borrowdale



                  There are two aerial photos looking south / upstream at https://www.visitcumbria.com/kes/borrowdale/






                  share|improve this answer








                  New contributor




                  Randy Orrison is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
                  Check out our Code of Conduct.









                  Another, and much smaller scale, example is the Derwent River in the English Lake District. It meanders northward through the flat land of Borrowdale, before entering the narrow Jaws of Borrowdale between Castle Crag and Grange Fell. Link to Google Map of the area



                  In this Google Earth view you can see the river and the road between fields in the broader flat part of the valley, and where they are forced to run close together through the Jaws of Borrowdale.
                  River Derwent in Borrowdale



                  There are two aerial photos looking south / upstream at https://www.visitcumbria.com/kes/borrowdale/







                  share|improve this answer








                  New contributor




                  Randy Orrison is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
                  Check out our Code of Conduct.









                  share|improve this answer



                  share|improve this answer






                  New contributor




                  Randy Orrison is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
                  Check out our Code of Conduct.









                  answered yesterday









                  Randy Orrison

                  1312




                  1312




                  New contributor




                  Randy Orrison is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
                  Check out our Code of Conduct.





                  New contributor





                  Randy Orrison is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
                  Check out our Code of Conduct.






                  Randy Orrison is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
                  Check out our Code of Conduct.






















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