On calculating the limit of the infinite product $prod_{k=3}^n (1-tan^4frac{pi}{2^k})$












5















Let $S_n=prod_{k=3}^n (1-tan^4frac{pi}{2^k})$. What is the value of $lim_{n to infty} S_n$ ?




What I attempted:-



$log S_n=sum_{k=3}^n log (1-tan^4frac{pi}{2^k})$.

Since $lim_{x to 0} frac{tan x}{x}=1$, $tan^4frac{pi}{2^k}approx left(frac{pi}{2^k}right)^4$

Thus, $log S_n=sum_{k=3}^n log (1-frac{pi^4}{2^{4k}})approx sum_{k=3}^nleft( -frac{pi^4}{2^{4k}}right) $



Taking limit as $n to infty$, $lim_{n to infty} log S_n=frac{-pi^4}{3840}$.



Finally, $lim_{n to infty}S_n=e^{frac{-pi^4}{3840}}approx 1-frac{pi^4}{3840}$



Am I correct? Is there any other better method which yield the accurate limit? I was told that the exact limit should be one of the $4$ options:- $frac{pi^3}{4},frac{pi^3}{16}, frac{pi^3}{32},frac{pi^3}{256}$. I guess the third option is correct as it is giving almost the same value that I have obtained.










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    5















    Let $S_n=prod_{k=3}^n (1-tan^4frac{pi}{2^k})$. What is the value of $lim_{n to infty} S_n$ ?




    What I attempted:-



    $log S_n=sum_{k=3}^n log (1-tan^4frac{pi}{2^k})$.

    Since $lim_{x to 0} frac{tan x}{x}=1$, $tan^4frac{pi}{2^k}approx left(frac{pi}{2^k}right)^4$

    Thus, $log S_n=sum_{k=3}^n log (1-frac{pi^4}{2^{4k}})approx sum_{k=3}^nleft( -frac{pi^4}{2^{4k}}right) $



    Taking limit as $n to infty$, $lim_{n to infty} log S_n=frac{-pi^4}{3840}$.



    Finally, $lim_{n to infty}S_n=e^{frac{-pi^4}{3840}}approx 1-frac{pi^4}{3840}$



    Am I correct? Is there any other better method which yield the accurate limit? I was told that the exact limit should be one of the $4$ options:- $frac{pi^3}{4},frac{pi^3}{16}, frac{pi^3}{32},frac{pi^3}{256}$. I guess the third option is correct as it is giving almost the same value that I have obtained.










    share|cite|improve this question



























      5












      5








      5


      1






      Let $S_n=prod_{k=3}^n (1-tan^4frac{pi}{2^k})$. What is the value of $lim_{n to infty} S_n$ ?




      What I attempted:-



      $log S_n=sum_{k=3}^n log (1-tan^4frac{pi}{2^k})$.

      Since $lim_{x to 0} frac{tan x}{x}=1$, $tan^4frac{pi}{2^k}approx left(frac{pi}{2^k}right)^4$

      Thus, $log S_n=sum_{k=3}^n log (1-frac{pi^4}{2^{4k}})approx sum_{k=3}^nleft( -frac{pi^4}{2^{4k}}right) $



      Taking limit as $n to infty$, $lim_{n to infty} log S_n=frac{-pi^4}{3840}$.



      Finally, $lim_{n to infty}S_n=e^{frac{-pi^4}{3840}}approx 1-frac{pi^4}{3840}$



      Am I correct? Is there any other better method which yield the accurate limit? I was told that the exact limit should be one of the $4$ options:- $frac{pi^3}{4},frac{pi^3}{16}, frac{pi^3}{32},frac{pi^3}{256}$. I guess the third option is correct as it is giving almost the same value that I have obtained.










      share|cite|improve this question
















      Let $S_n=prod_{k=3}^n (1-tan^4frac{pi}{2^k})$. What is the value of $lim_{n to infty} S_n$ ?




      What I attempted:-



      $log S_n=sum_{k=3}^n log (1-tan^4frac{pi}{2^k})$.

      Since $lim_{x to 0} frac{tan x}{x}=1$, $tan^4frac{pi}{2^k}approx left(frac{pi}{2^k}right)^4$

      Thus, $log S_n=sum_{k=3}^n log (1-frac{pi^4}{2^{4k}})approx sum_{k=3}^nleft( -frac{pi^4}{2^{4k}}right) $



      Taking limit as $n to infty$, $lim_{n to infty} log S_n=frac{-pi^4}{3840}$.



      Finally, $lim_{n to infty}S_n=e^{frac{-pi^4}{3840}}approx 1-frac{pi^4}{3840}$



      Am I correct? Is there any other better method which yield the accurate limit? I was told that the exact limit should be one of the $4$ options:- $frac{pi^3}{4},frac{pi^3}{16}, frac{pi^3}{32},frac{pi^3}{256}$. I guess the third option is correct as it is giving almost the same value that I have obtained.







      sequences-and-series






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      edited 2 days ago









      Robert Z

      93.5k1061132




      93.5k1061132










      asked 2 days ago









      Bhargob

      571315




      571315






















          2 Answers
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          4














          You obtained an approximation of the exact value. In order to find such exact vale, note that
          $$(1-tan^4(alpha/2))=(1+tan^2(alpha/2))(1-tan^2(alpha/2))=
          frac{4}{cos(alpha)}left(frac{tan(alpha/2)}{tan(alpha)}right)^2.$$

          Hence, as $n$ goes to infinity,
          $$prod_{k=3}^n left(1-tan^4(pi/2^k)right)=frac{4^{n-2}}{prod_{k=3}^ncos(pi/2^{k-1})}cdot left(prod_{k=3}^nfrac{tan(pi/2^k)}{tan(pi/2^{k-1})}right)^2\=4^{n-2}cdot 2^{n-2}sin(pi/2^{n-1})cdot left(frac{tan(pi/2^n)}{tan(pi/2^{2})}right)^2to frac{pi^3}{32}$$
          where we used the known fact that
          $$prodlimits_{k=2}^{n}cosleft(frac{pi }{2^{k}}right)=
          frac{1}{2^{n-1}sin(pi/2^n)}$$

          (see for example How to evaluate $limlimits_{nto infty}prodlimits_{r=2}^{n}cosleft(frac{pi}{2^{r}}right)$).






          share|cite|improve this answer























          • Dear downvoter, do you mind to tell me what's wrong with my answer. Please help me to improve it?
            – Robert Z
            2 days ago



















          1














          What you're describing is how to arrive at an approximation of the actual product.
          But you can compute the exact value for the product using trigonometric identities.



          $$begin{split}
          S_n&=prod_{k=3}^n (1-tan^4frac{pi}{2^k})\
          &=prod_{k=3}^n (1-tan^2frac{pi}{2^k})(1+tan^2frac{pi}{2^k})\
          &=prod_{k=3}^n (frac {cos^2(frac{pi}{2^k}) - sin^2(frac{pi}{2^k})}{cos^2 frac{pi}{2^k}})(frac 1 {cos^2frac{pi}{2^k}})\
          &=prod_{k=3}^n frac {cos(frac {pi}{2^{k-1}})}{cos^4 frac{pi}{2^k}}\
          &= frac{cosfrac pi 4}{cos^4 frac pi 8}frac{cosfrac pi 8}{cos^4 frac pi {16}}frac{cosfrac pi 16}{cos^4 frac pi {32}}...\
          &=cosfrac pi 4 prod_{k=3}^n frac 1 {cos^3 frac pi {2^k}}
          end{split}$$

          Now because $$frac 1 {cos theta}=frac {2 sin theta}{sin 2theta}$$
          you can verify that, for any $0<theta<pi$,
          $$
          prod_{k=1}^{+infty} frac 1 {cos frac theta {2^k}}=frac theta {sin theta}
          $$

          Which yields, for $theta=frac pi 4$,
          $$
          prod_{k=3}^{+infty} frac 1 {cos frac pi {2^k}}=frac pi {4sin frac pi 4}
          $$

          So finally,
          $$lim_{nrightarrow+infty}S_n=left(cos{frac pi 4}right)frac {pi^3} {4^3sin^3 frac pi 4}$$
          In other words,
          $$lim_{nrightarrow+infty}S_n=frac {pi^3}{32}$$






          share|cite|improve this answer























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            2 Answers
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            4














            You obtained an approximation of the exact value. In order to find such exact vale, note that
            $$(1-tan^4(alpha/2))=(1+tan^2(alpha/2))(1-tan^2(alpha/2))=
            frac{4}{cos(alpha)}left(frac{tan(alpha/2)}{tan(alpha)}right)^2.$$

            Hence, as $n$ goes to infinity,
            $$prod_{k=3}^n left(1-tan^4(pi/2^k)right)=frac{4^{n-2}}{prod_{k=3}^ncos(pi/2^{k-1})}cdot left(prod_{k=3}^nfrac{tan(pi/2^k)}{tan(pi/2^{k-1})}right)^2\=4^{n-2}cdot 2^{n-2}sin(pi/2^{n-1})cdot left(frac{tan(pi/2^n)}{tan(pi/2^{2})}right)^2to frac{pi^3}{32}$$
            where we used the known fact that
            $$prodlimits_{k=2}^{n}cosleft(frac{pi }{2^{k}}right)=
            frac{1}{2^{n-1}sin(pi/2^n)}$$

            (see for example How to evaluate $limlimits_{nto infty}prodlimits_{r=2}^{n}cosleft(frac{pi}{2^{r}}right)$).






            share|cite|improve this answer























            • Dear downvoter, do you mind to tell me what's wrong with my answer. Please help me to improve it?
              – Robert Z
              2 days ago
















            4














            You obtained an approximation of the exact value. In order to find such exact vale, note that
            $$(1-tan^4(alpha/2))=(1+tan^2(alpha/2))(1-tan^2(alpha/2))=
            frac{4}{cos(alpha)}left(frac{tan(alpha/2)}{tan(alpha)}right)^2.$$

            Hence, as $n$ goes to infinity,
            $$prod_{k=3}^n left(1-tan^4(pi/2^k)right)=frac{4^{n-2}}{prod_{k=3}^ncos(pi/2^{k-1})}cdot left(prod_{k=3}^nfrac{tan(pi/2^k)}{tan(pi/2^{k-1})}right)^2\=4^{n-2}cdot 2^{n-2}sin(pi/2^{n-1})cdot left(frac{tan(pi/2^n)}{tan(pi/2^{2})}right)^2to frac{pi^3}{32}$$
            where we used the known fact that
            $$prodlimits_{k=2}^{n}cosleft(frac{pi }{2^{k}}right)=
            frac{1}{2^{n-1}sin(pi/2^n)}$$

            (see for example How to evaluate $limlimits_{nto infty}prodlimits_{r=2}^{n}cosleft(frac{pi}{2^{r}}right)$).






            share|cite|improve this answer























            • Dear downvoter, do you mind to tell me what's wrong with my answer. Please help me to improve it?
              – Robert Z
              2 days ago














            4












            4








            4






            You obtained an approximation of the exact value. In order to find such exact vale, note that
            $$(1-tan^4(alpha/2))=(1+tan^2(alpha/2))(1-tan^2(alpha/2))=
            frac{4}{cos(alpha)}left(frac{tan(alpha/2)}{tan(alpha)}right)^2.$$

            Hence, as $n$ goes to infinity,
            $$prod_{k=3}^n left(1-tan^4(pi/2^k)right)=frac{4^{n-2}}{prod_{k=3}^ncos(pi/2^{k-1})}cdot left(prod_{k=3}^nfrac{tan(pi/2^k)}{tan(pi/2^{k-1})}right)^2\=4^{n-2}cdot 2^{n-2}sin(pi/2^{n-1})cdot left(frac{tan(pi/2^n)}{tan(pi/2^{2})}right)^2to frac{pi^3}{32}$$
            where we used the known fact that
            $$prodlimits_{k=2}^{n}cosleft(frac{pi }{2^{k}}right)=
            frac{1}{2^{n-1}sin(pi/2^n)}$$

            (see for example How to evaluate $limlimits_{nto infty}prodlimits_{r=2}^{n}cosleft(frac{pi}{2^{r}}right)$).






            share|cite|improve this answer














            You obtained an approximation of the exact value. In order to find such exact vale, note that
            $$(1-tan^4(alpha/2))=(1+tan^2(alpha/2))(1-tan^2(alpha/2))=
            frac{4}{cos(alpha)}left(frac{tan(alpha/2)}{tan(alpha)}right)^2.$$

            Hence, as $n$ goes to infinity,
            $$prod_{k=3}^n left(1-tan^4(pi/2^k)right)=frac{4^{n-2}}{prod_{k=3}^ncos(pi/2^{k-1})}cdot left(prod_{k=3}^nfrac{tan(pi/2^k)}{tan(pi/2^{k-1})}right)^2\=4^{n-2}cdot 2^{n-2}sin(pi/2^{n-1})cdot left(frac{tan(pi/2^n)}{tan(pi/2^{2})}right)^2to frac{pi^3}{32}$$
            where we used the known fact that
            $$prodlimits_{k=2}^{n}cosleft(frac{pi }{2^{k}}right)=
            frac{1}{2^{n-1}sin(pi/2^n)}$$

            (see for example How to evaluate $limlimits_{nto infty}prodlimits_{r=2}^{n}cosleft(frac{pi}{2^{r}}right)$).







            share|cite|improve this answer














            share|cite|improve this answer



            share|cite|improve this answer








            edited 2 days ago

























            answered 2 days ago









            Robert Z

            93.5k1061132




            93.5k1061132












            • Dear downvoter, do you mind to tell me what's wrong with my answer. Please help me to improve it?
              – Robert Z
              2 days ago


















            • Dear downvoter, do you mind to tell me what's wrong with my answer. Please help me to improve it?
              – Robert Z
              2 days ago
















            Dear downvoter, do you mind to tell me what's wrong with my answer. Please help me to improve it?
            – Robert Z
            2 days ago




            Dear downvoter, do you mind to tell me what's wrong with my answer. Please help me to improve it?
            – Robert Z
            2 days ago











            1














            What you're describing is how to arrive at an approximation of the actual product.
            But you can compute the exact value for the product using trigonometric identities.



            $$begin{split}
            S_n&=prod_{k=3}^n (1-tan^4frac{pi}{2^k})\
            &=prod_{k=3}^n (1-tan^2frac{pi}{2^k})(1+tan^2frac{pi}{2^k})\
            &=prod_{k=3}^n (frac {cos^2(frac{pi}{2^k}) - sin^2(frac{pi}{2^k})}{cos^2 frac{pi}{2^k}})(frac 1 {cos^2frac{pi}{2^k}})\
            &=prod_{k=3}^n frac {cos(frac {pi}{2^{k-1}})}{cos^4 frac{pi}{2^k}}\
            &= frac{cosfrac pi 4}{cos^4 frac pi 8}frac{cosfrac pi 8}{cos^4 frac pi {16}}frac{cosfrac pi 16}{cos^4 frac pi {32}}...\
            &=cosfrac pi 4 prod_{k=3}^n frac 1 {cos^3 frac pi {2^k}}
            end{split}$$

            Now because $$frac 1 {cos theta}=frac {2 sin theta}{sin 2theta}$$
            you can verify that, for any $0<theta<pi$,
            $$
            prod_{k=1}^{+infty} frac 1 {cos frac theta {2^k}}=frac theta {sin theta}
            $$

            Which yields, for $theta=frac pi 4$,
            $$
            prod_{k=3}^{+infty} frac 1 {cos frac pi {2^k}}=frac pi {4sin frac pi 4}
            $$

            So finally,
            $$lim_{nrightarrow+infty}S_n=left(cos{frac pi 4}right)frac {pi^3} {4^3sin^3 frac pi 4}$$
            In other words,
            $$lim_{nrightarrow+infty}S_n=frac {pi^3}{32}$$






            share|cite|improve this answer




























              1














              What you're describing is how to arrive at an approximation of the actual product.
              But you can compute the exact value for the product using trigonometric identities.



              $$begin{split}
              S_n&=prod_{k=3}^n (1-tan^4frac{pi}{2^k})\
              &=prod_{k=3}^n (1-tan^2frac{pi}{2^k})(1+tan^2frac{pi}{2^k})\
              &=prod_{k=3}^n (frac {cos^2(frac{pi}{2^k}) - sin^2(frac{pi}{2^k})}{cos^2 frac{pi}{2^k}})(frac 1 {cos^2frac{pi}{2^k}})\
              &=prod_{k=3}^n frac {cos(frac {pi}{2^{k-1}})}{cos^4 frac{pi}{2^k}}\
              &= frac{cosfrac pi 4}{cos^4 frac pi 8}frac{cosfrac pi 8}{cos^4 frac pi {16}}frac{cosfrac pi 16}{cos^4 frac pi {32}}...\
              &=cosfrac pi 4 prod_{k=3}^n frac 1 {cos^3 frac pi {2^k}}
              end{split}$$

              Now because $$frac 1 {cos theta}=frac {2 sin theta}{sin 2theta}$$
              you can verify that, for any $0<theta<pi$,
              $$
              prod_{k=1}^{+infty} frac 1 {cos frac theta {2^k}}=frac theta {sin theta}
              $$

              Which yields, for $theta=frac pi 4$,
              $$
              prod_{k=3}^{+infty} frac 1 {cos frac pi {2^k}}=frac pi {4sin frac pi 4}
              $$

              So finally,
              $$lim_{nrightarrow+infty}S_n=left(cos{frac pi 4}right)frac {pi^3} {4^3sin^3 frac pi 4}$$
              In other words,
              $$lim_{nrightarrow+infty}S_n=frac {pi^3}{32}$$






              share|cite|improve this answer


























                1












                1








                1






                What you're describing is how to arrive at an approximation of the actual product.
                But you can compute the exact value for the product using trigonometric identities.



                $$begin{split}
                S_n&=prod_{k=3}^n (1-tan^4frac{pi}{2^k})\
                &=prod_{k=3}^n (1-tan^2frac{pi}{2^k})(1+tan^2frac{pi}{2^k})\
                &=prod_{k=3}^n (frac {cos^2(frac{pi}{2^k}) - sin^2(frac{pi}{2^k})}{cos^2 frac{pi}{2^k}})(frac 1 {cos^2frac{pi}{2^k}})\
                &=prod_{k=3}^n frac {cos(frac {pi}{2^{k-1}})}{cos^4 frac{pi}{2^k}}\
                &= frac{cosfrac pi 4}{cos^4 frac pi 8}frac{cosfrac pi 8}{cos^4 frac pi {16}}frac{cosfrac pi 16}{cos^4 frac pi {32}}...\
                &=cosfrac pi 4 prod_{k=3}^n frac 1 {cos^3 frac pi {2^k}}
                end{split}$$

                Now because $$frac 1 {cos theta}=frac {2 sin theta}{sin 2theta}$$
                you can verify that, for any $0<theta<pi$,
                $$
                prod_{k=1}^{+infty} frac 1 {cos frac theta {2^k}}=frac theta {sin theta}
                $$

                Which yields, for $theta=frac pi 4$,
                $$
                prod_{k=3}^{+infty} frac 1 {cos frac pi {2^k}}=frac pi {4sin frac pi 4}
                $$

                So finally,
                $$lim_{nrightarrow+infty}S_n=left(cos{frac pi 4}right)frac {pi^3} {4^3sin^3 frac pi 4}$$
                In other words,
                $$lim_{nrightarrow+infty}S_n=frac {pi^3}{32}$$






                share|cite|improve this answer














                What you're describing is how to arrive at an approximation of the actual product.
                But you can compute the exact value for the product using trigonometric identities.



                $$begin{split}
                S_n&=prod_{k=3}^n (1-tan^4frac{pi}{2^k})\
                &=prod_{k=3}^n (1-tan^2frac{pi}{2^k})(1+tan^2frac{pi}{2^k})\
                &=prod_{k=3}^n (frac {cos^2(frac{pi}{2^k}) - sin^2(frac{pi}{2^k})}{cos^2 frac{pi}{2^k}})(frac 1 {cos^2frac{pi}{2^k}})\
                &=prod_{k=3}^n frac {cos(frac {pi}{2^{k-1}})}{cos^4 frac{pi}{2^k}}\
                &= frac{cosfrac pi 4}{cos^4 frac pi 8}frac{cosfrac pi 8}{cos^4 frac pi {16}}frac{cosfrac pi 16}{cos^4 frac pi {32}}...\
                &=cosfrac pi 4 prod_{k=3}^n frac 1 {cos^3 frac pi {2^k}}
                end{split}$$

                Now because $$frac 1 {cos theta}=frac {2 sin theta}{sin 2theta}$$
                you can verify that, for any $0<theta<pi$,
                $$
                prod_{k=1}^{+infty} frac 1 {cos frac theta {2^k}}=frac theta {sin theta}
                $$

                Which yields, for $theta=frac pi 4$,
                $$
                prod_{k=3}^{+infty} frac 1 {cos frac pi {2^k}}=frac pi {4sin frac pi 4}
                $$

                So finally,
                $$lim_{nrightarrow+infty}S_n=left(cos{frac pi 4}right)frac {pi^3} {4^3sin^3 frac pi 4}$$
                In other words,
                $$lim_{nrightarrow+infty}S_n=frac {pi^3}{32}$$







                share|cite|improve this answer














                share|cite|improve this answer



                share|cite|improve this answer








                edited 2 days ago

























                answered 2 days ago









                Stefan Lafon

                96116




                96116






























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