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I have a long equation, which is 32,497 characters long generated from a computer algebra system.

When I write it as

[  

  equation here 

]

and compile the latex file using lualatex, the pdf does not contain the equation. the space where it is supposed to be is all blank.

When I do the same thing using

begin{align*}

  equation here 

end{align*}

Then it shows up (the first part of it, as the rest goes off the page).

The question is: why does the equation not show up using [..]?

Since the equation is very long, I tried to post it here but found it will be very hard to copy the MWE which contains it. So I put the MWE plain latex file on my web page here long_equation.tex

The PDF file is long_equation.pdf and the log file is long_equation.log

The MWE looks like the following (without the actual equation in it, since it is too long)

documentclass[12pt]{article}    

usepackage{amsmath}

DeclareMathOperator{WhittakerM}{WhittakerM}    

begin{document}



The equation is



[

long equation here

]



Did you see it?



The equation is



begin{align*}

same long equation here

end{align*} 



Did you see it?



end{document} 

compiling the above using lualatex long_equation.tex gives this output

Here is the output on the screen when compiling the file with only `[...]`  in it



>lualatex long_equation.tex

This is LuaTeX, Version 1.07.0 (TeX Live 2018)

 restricted system commands enabled.

(./long_equation.tex

LaTeX2e <2018-04-01> patch level 5



luaotfload | main : initialization completed in 0.157 seconds

(/usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls

Document Class: article 2014/09/29 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class

(/usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size12.clo))

(/usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-dist/tex/latex/amsmath/amsmath.sty

For additional information on amsmath, use the `?' option.

(/usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-dist/tex/latex/amsmath/amstext.sty

(/usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-dist/tex/latex/amsmath/amsgen.sty))

(/usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-dist/tex/latex/amsmath/amsbsy.sty)

(/usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-dist/tex/latex/amsmath/amsopn.sty))

(./long_equation.aux) [1{/usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-var/fonts/map/pdftex/upd

map/pdftex.map}] (./long_equation.aux))

 457 words of node memory still in use:

   5 hlist, 2 vlist, 2 rule, 2 glue, 4 kern, 1 glyph, 7 attribute, 48 glue_spec

, 7 attribute_list, 1 write nodes

   avail lists: 1:2,2:8427,3:15206,4:322,5:1711,6:3,7:17655,8:12931,9:6966,11:1



</usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-dist/fonts/opentype/public/lm/lmroman12-regular.

otf></usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/amsfonts/cm/cmex10.p

fb></usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/amsfonts/cm/cmmi12.pf

b></usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/amsfonts/cm/cmmi6.pfb>

</usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/amsfonts/cm/cmmi8.pfb></

usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/amsfonts/cm/cmr12.pfb></us

r/local/texlive/2018/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/amsfonts/cm/cmr6.pfb></usr/l

ocal/texlive/2018/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/amsfonts/cm/cmr8.pfb></usr/loca

l/texlive/2018/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/amsfonts/cm/cmsy10.pfb></usr/local

/texlive/2018/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/amsfonts/cm/cmsy8.pfb></usr/local/t

exlive/2018/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/amsfonts/cm/cmti12.pfb>

Output written on long_equation.pdf (1 page, 157834 bytes).

Transcript written on long_equation.log.

>

Here is the log file

>cat long_equation.log

This is LuaTeX, Version 1.07.0 (TeX Live 2018)  (format=lualatex 2018.12.4)  7 JAN 2019 11:58

 restricted system commands enabled.

**long_equation.tex

(./long_equation.tex

LaTeX2e <2018-04-01> patch level 5

Lua module: luaotfload-main 2018-10-28 2.93 luaotfload entry point

Lua module: luaotfload-init 2018-10-28 2.93 luaotfload submodule / initializatio

n

Lua module: lualibs 2018-10-18 2.61 ConTeXt Lua standard libraries.

Lua module: lualibs-extended 2018-10-18 2.61 ConTeXt Lua libraries -- extended c

ollection.

Lua module: luaotfload-log 2018-10-28 2.93 luaotfload submodule / logging

Lua module: luaotfload-parsers 2018-10-28 2.93 luaotfload submodule / filelist

Lua module: luaotfload-configuration 2018-10-28 2.93 luaotfload submodule / conf

ig file reader

luaotfload | conf : Root cache directory is /home/me/.texlive2018/texmf-var/luat

ex-cache/generic/names.

luaotfload | init : Loading fontloader “fontloader-2018-10-28.lua” from kpse

-resolved path “/usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-dist/tex/luatex/luaotfload/fontl

oader-2018-10-28.lua”.

Lua-only attribute luaotfload@state = 1

Lua-only attribute luaotfload@noligature = 2

Lua-only attribute luaotfload@syllabe = 3

luaotfload | init : Context OpenType loader version “3.106”

Inserting `luaotfload.node_processor' at position 1 in `pre_linebreak_filter'.

Inserting `luaotfload.node_processor' at position 1 in `hpack_filter'.

Lua module: luaotfload-loaders 2018-10-28 2.93 luaotfload submodule / callback h

andling

Inserting `luaotfload.define_font' at position 1 in `define_font'.

Lua module: luaotfload-database 2018-10-28 2.93 luaotfload submodule / database

Lua module: luaotfload-colors 2018-10-28 2.93 luaotfload submodule / color

Lua-only attribute luaotfload_color_attribute = 4

Lua module: luaotfload-resolvers 2018-10-28 2.93 luaotfload submodule / resolver

s

luaotfload | conf : Root cache directory is /home/me/.texlive2018/texmf-var/luat

ex-cache/generic/names.

Lua module: luaotfload-features 2018-10-28 2.93 luaotfload submodule / features

Lua module: luaotfload-letterspace 2018-10-28 2.93 luaotfload submodule / color

Lua module: luaotfload-auxiliary 2018-10-28 2.93 luaotfload submodule / auxiliar

y functions

Inserting `luaotfload.aux.set_sscale_dimens' at position 1 in `luaotfload.patch_

font'.

Inserting `luaotfload.aux.patch_cambria_domh' at position 2 in `luaotfload.patch

_font'.

Inserting `luaotfload.aux.fixup_fontdata' at position 1 in `luaotfload.patch_fon

t_unsafe'.

Inserting `luaotfload.aux.set_capheight' at position 3 in `luaotfload.patch_font

'.

Inserting `luaotfload.rewrite_fontname' at position 4 in `luaotfload.patch_font'

.

luaotfload | main : initialization completed in 0.159 seconds

(/usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls

Document Class: article 2014/09/29 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class

(/usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size12.clo

File: size12.clo 2014/09/29 v1.4h Standard LaTeX file (size option)

luaotfload | db : Font names database loaded from /home/me/.texlive2018/texmf-va

r/luatex-cache/generic/names/luaotfload-names.luc)

c@part=count80

c@section=count81

c@subsection=count82

c@subsubsection=count83

c@paragraph=count84

c@subparagraph=count85

c@figure=count86

c@table=count87

abovecaptionskip=skip41

belowcaptionskip=skip42

bibindent=dimen102

)

(/usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-dist/tex/latex/amsmath/amsmath.sty

Package: amsmath 2017/09/02 v2.17a AMS math features

@mathmargin=skip43



For additional information on amsmath, use the `?' option.

(/usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-dist/tex/latex/amsmath/amstext.sty

Package: amstext 2000/06/29 v2.01 AMS text



(/usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-dist/tex/latex/amsmath/amsgen.sty

File: amsgen.sty 1999/11/30 v2.0 generic functions

@emptytoks=toks14

ex@=dimen103

))

(/usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-dist/tex/latex/amsmath/amsbsy.sty

Package: amsbsy 1999/11/29 v1.2d Bold Symbols

pmbraise@=dimen104

)

(/usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-dist/tex/latex/amsmath/amsopn.sty

Package: amsopn 2016/03/08 v2.02 operator names

)

inf@bad=count88

LaTeX Info: Redefining frac on input line 213.

uproot@=count89

leftroot@=count90

LaTeX Info: Redefining overline on input line 375.

classnum@=count91

DOTSCASE@=count92

LaTeX Info: Redefining ldots on input line 472.

LaTeX Info: Redefining dots on input line 475.

LaTeX Info: Redefining cdots on input line 596.

Mathstrutbox@=box26

strutbox@=box27

big@size=dimen105

LaTeX Font Info:    Redeclaring font encoding OML on input line 712.

LaTeX Font Info:    Redeclaring font encoding OMS on input line 713.

macc@depth=count93

c@MaxMatrixCols=count94

dotsspace@=muskip10

c@parentequation=count95

dspbrk@lvl=count96

tag@help=toks15

row@=count97

column@=count98

maxfields@=count99

andhelp@=toks16

eqnshift@=dimen106

alignsep@=dimen107

tagshift@=dimen108

tagwidth@=dimen109

totwidth@=dimen110

lineht@=dimen111

@envbody=toks17

multlinegap=skip44

multlinetaggap=skip45

mathdisplay@stack=toks18

LaTeX Info: Redefining [ on input line 2817.

LaTeX Info: Redefining ] on input line 2818.

)

(./long_equation.aux)

openout1 = long_equation.aux



LaTeX Font Info:    Checking defaults for OML/cmm/m/it on input line 6.

LaTeX Font Info:    ... okay on input line 6.

LaTeX Font Info:    Checking defaults for T1/cmr/m/n on input line 6.

LaTeX Font Info:    ... okay on input line 6.

LaTeX Font Info:    Checking defaults for OT1/cmr/m/n on input line 6.

LaTeX Font Info:    ... okay on input line 6.

LaTeX Font Info:    Checking defaults for OMS/cmsy/m/n on input line 6.

LaTeX Font Info:    ... okay on input line 6.

LaTeX Font Info:    Checking defaults for TU/lmr/m/n on input line 6.

LaTeX Font Info:    ... okay on input line 6.

LaTeX Font Info:    Checking defaults for OMX/cmex/m/n on input line 6.

LaTeX Font Info:    ... okay on input line 6.

LaTeX Font Info:    Checking defaults for U/cmr/m/n on input line 6.

LaTeX Font Info:    ... okay on input line 6.

 [1



{/usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-var/fonts/map/pdftex/updmap/pdftex.map}] (./long

_equation.aux))



Here is how much of LuaTeX's memory you used:

 889 strings out of 494407

 381512,89155 words of node,token memory allocated

 457 words of node memory still in use:

   5 hlist, 2 vlist, 2 rule, 2 glue, 4 kern, 1 glyph, 7 attribute, 48 glue_spec,

 7 attribute_list, 1 write nodes

   avail lists: 1:2,2:8427,3:15206,4:322,5:1711,6:3,7:17655,8:12931,9:6966,11:1

 5106 multiletter control sequences out of 65536+600000

 32 fonts using 1918303 bytes

 27i,8n,20p,32516b,125s stack positions out of 5000i,500n,10000p,90000000b,100000s

</usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-dist/fonts/opentype/public/lm/lmroman12-regular.o

tf></usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/amsfonts/cm/cmex10.pfb

></usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/amsfonts/cm/cmmi12.pfb><

/usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/amsfonts/cm/cmmi6.pfb></us

r/local/texlive/2018/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/amsfonts/cm/cmmi8.pfb></usr/l

ocal/texlive/2018/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/amsfonts/cm/cmr12.pfb></usr/loca

l/texlive/2018/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/amsfonts/cm/cmr6.pfb></usr/local/te

xlive/2018/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/amsfonts/cm/cmr8.pfb></usr/local/texliv

e/2018/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/amsfonts/cm/cmsy10.pfb></usr/local/texlive/

2018/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/amsfonts/cm/cmsy8.pfb></usr/local/texlive/201

8/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/amsfonts/cm/cmti12.pfb>

Output written on long_equation.pdf (1 page, 157834 bytes).



PDF statistics: 55 PDF objects out of 1000 (max. 8388607)

 38 compressed objects within 1 object stream

 0 named destinations out of 1000 (max. 131072)

 1 words of extra memory for PDF output out of 10000 (max. 100000000)



>

TL 2018 on Linux.

The formula is built and boxed. However, it exceeds the maximum width by a very large amount and, due to how binary arithmetic works, its width is advertised as -4919.6661pt, whose numeric value is -322415238.

Thus the box is typeset, but nothing can be seen because it is outside the margin of the page.

If you try

[

hspace{4919.6661pt}<monster>

]

you can see the end of the formula.

Why does align show at least some part of the formula? Because it internally uses halign and not display math mode.

Maybe this could be managed in a different way, but I don't think that it's something to worry about: six meter long formulas are nothing anybody would like to see.

You can make equation look like align but in either case it prints the expression on one line so 99% of it off the page. If you really must print such an expression you need to take more drastic actions to keep it visible. This is visible but of course completely unreadably ugly.

documentclass[12pt]{article}



usepackage{amsmath}

defWhittakerM{textrm{WhittakerM}}



begin{document}



The equation is

begin{center}

itshapefootnotesize

catcode`^=13

def^#1{textsuperscript{(tiny#1)}}

defleft{penalty0 }

defright{penalty0 }

deffrac#1#2{(#1)

/penalty0(#2)

penalty0 }

w 

left( x,y right)

 ={it _F1} 

left( {frac {1}{{b}^{2} 

left(......

end{center}



Did you see it?



end{document}