The library of Emperor Tewodros II at Mäqdäla (Magdala)

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Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

Volume 36 Issue 1

The library of Emperor Tewodros...

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Allan, Nigel
1981.
The oriental collections in the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, London.
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland,
Vol. 113,
Issue. 01,
p.
10.

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Pankhurst, Richard
1981.
Imported textiles in Ethiopian eighteenth century manuscript bindings in Britain.
Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa,
Vol. 16,
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Volume 36,
Issue 1

February 1973
, pp. 15-42

The library of Emperor Tewodros II at Mäqdäla (Magdala)

Rita Pankhurst

- https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00097974
- Published online: 24 December 2009

Extract

The Emperor Tewodros II (1855–68), although remembered to-day mainly as an energetic modernizer, was also involved to a significant degree in the history of traditional Ethiopian libraries.

Tewodros had intended to build a great church dedicated to Mädhane Aläm ‘Saviour of the World’, on Christian ground near the natural fortress of Mäqdäla which had served him as state prison, granary, and family sanctuary no less than as a storehouse for his accumulated treasures.

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¹ Markham, C. R., A history of the Abyssinian expedition, London, 1869, 357–8. A photograph of the church is reproduced in Myatt, F., The march to Magdala, London, 1970, between pp. 144 and 145. The original photograph is in the Army Museums Ogilby Trust, War Office, London. One of Tewodros's chroniclers, Aläqa Wäldä Maryam, mentions that the Emperor reopened two churches at Mäqdäla, the second being Egzetnä Maryam. Vide Mondon-Vidailhet, C. (ed.), Chronique de Théodoros II, roi des rois d'Ethiopie, Paris, [1905?], translation, 22. The latter church does not appear to have been in use in 1868.

² Illustrated London News, 30 May 1868; vide also Blanc, H., A narrative of captivity in Abyssinia, London, 1868, 210.

³ Waldmeier, T., Erlebnisse in den Jahren 1858–1868, Basel, 1869, 59.

⁴ Rohlfs, G., Meine Mission nach Abessinien, Leipzig, 1883, 256–7.

⁵ Mondon-Vidailhet, , op. cit., 22. 49–50.

⁶ Blanc, , op. oit., 209–10.

⁷ Markham, , op. cit., 357–8.

⁸ Stanley, H. M., Coomassie and Magdala, London, 1874, 457; a photograpli of the treasury appears as No. 44 in a contemporary album of photographs of the expedition. The album is No. 204 in the Manuscript Collection, Institute of Ethiopian Studies, Haile Sellassie I University. Addis Ababa; No. 45 in this album is the photograph reproduced by Myatt and mentioned on p. 15, n. 1, above.

⁹ Myatt, F., The march to Magdala, London, 1970, 165.

¹⁰ Markham, , op. cit., 359.

¹¹ Bechtinger, J., Ost Afrika: Erinnerungen iind Miscellen aus dem abessinischen Feldzuge, Wien, 1870, 234.

¹² Hayward, H. B., ‘Extracts from the diary of Major-General, then Captain H. B. Hayward, during the Abyssinian expedition of 1868’, The Sherwood Foresters, Nottinghamshire and Derby-shire Regiment: 1927 Regimental Annual (Derby), [1927?], 300.

¹³ Waldmeier, , op. cit., 118; vide also Acton, R., The Abyssinian expedition and the life and reign of King Theodore, London, 1868, 75; Stern, H. A., The captive missionary, London, 1869, 396.

¹⁴ Stanley, , op. cit., 457–9; vide also Flad, J. M., Zwölf Jahre in Abessinien, Leipzig, 1887, II, 72.

¹⁵ Rohlfs, , op. cit., 257.

¹⁶ Markham, , op. cit., 359.

¹⁷ Myatt, , op. cit., 165.

¹⁸ Bond, B. (ed.), Victorian military campaigns, London, 1967, 149; vide also Acton, , op. cit., 75.

¹⁹ Milward to Lord Enfield, 27 November 1872, FO 1/29.

²⁰ Myatt, , op. cit., 165–6.

²¹ Chojnacki, S. and Marshall, I. (ed.), ‘Colonel Milward's Abyssinian journal 2 December 1867 to 13 June 1868’, Journal of Ethiopian Studies, VII, 1, 1969, 107–8. The original diary is in the Institute of Ethiopian Studies, Haile Sellassie I University.

²² Illustrated London News, 13 Jun e 1868; vide also Stumm, F., Meine Erlebnisse bei der englischen Expedition in Abessinien, Frankfurt am Main, 1868; Bechtinger, , op. cit., 234.

²³ Illustrated London News, 13 June 1868; Myatt, , op. cit., 168.

²⁴ Illustrated London News, 30 May 1868, report of Major Leveson.

²⁵ ibid., 23 May 1868.

²⁶ Holland, T. J. and Hozier, M. H., Record of the expedition to Abyssinia, London, 1870, II, 78.

²⁷ Telegram from Sir Robert Napier to Sir Stafford Northcote from Antalo, 13 May 1868. Quoted in Illustrated London News, 30 May 1868.

²⁸ ibid.; von Seckendorff, G. B., Meine Erlebnisse mit dem englischen Expeditionscorps Abessinien 1867–1868, Potsdam, 1869, 178.

²⁹ Seckendorff, Von, op. cit., 178.

³⁰ Stanley, , op. cit., 467.

³¹ Stumm, , op. cit., 134; Illustrated London News, 30 May 1868.

³² Stanley, , op. cit., 467.

³³ Chojnacki, and Marshall, , art. cit., 108.

³⁴ Milward to Enfield, 27 November 1872, FO 1/29.

³⁵ Seckendorff, Von, op. cit., 177.

³⁶ Stanley, , op. cit., 470.

³⁷ ibid., 471.

³⁸ Holland, and Hozier, , op. cit., II, 371.

³⁹ ibid., 370.

⁴⁰ Acton, , op. cit., 75; vide also Flad, , op. cit., II, 72.

⁴¹ Holland, and Hozier, , op. cit., II, 396.

⁴² For a fuller description of Simpson's travels at this time vide Chojnacki, S., ‘William Simpson and his journey to Ethiopia’, Journal of Ethiopian Studies, vi, 2, 1968, 7–38.

⁴³ Empress Teruwärq or Terunäš, second wife of Emperor Tewodros, who had declared her wish to accompany her son, Alämayyähu, to Bombay, died at Ayqulät on 15 May 1868, of a lung disease. The funeral ceremonies were performed the next morning and the Empress was buried at Čäläqot. They are vividly described by Simpson in continuation of the passages quoted above; vide also Holland, and Hozier, , op. cit., II, 83; Hozier, H. M., The British expedition to Abyssinia, London, 1869, 258.

⁴⁴ Simpson, W., The autobiography of William Simpson, R.I., ed. Eyre-Todd, G., London, 1903, 193–4.

⁴⁵ idem, ‘An artist's jottings in Abyssinia’, Good Words, 1 October 1868, 612.

⁴⁶ Chojnacki, , art. cit., 35.

⁴⁷ This account of the disposal of the manuscripts in Ethiopia is repeated by Wright, W. in his Catalogue of the Ethiopic manuscripts in the British Museum acquired since 1847, London, 1877, p. iii.

⁴⁸ Seckendorff, Von, op. cit., 177.

⁴⁹ Flad, , op. cit., II, 72.

⁵⁰ Holland, and Hozier, , op. cit., II, 96.

⁵¹ The churches mentioned were: Agula'e Kidanä Meherät, Arra Mika'el, Tägogwa Johannes, Mälfa Maryam, Qäqäma Maryam, Čeh Kidanä Meherät, Mäqäle Kidanä Meherät. According to our informant there is now only one manuscript left at Agula'e, but in all the other churches except the one in Mäqäle, which was burned down by th e Italians, there are still ‘good books’.

⁵² Holland, and Hozier, , op. cit., II, 396–7.

⁵³ ibid., 397.

⁵⁴ Wright, , op. cit., p. iv. The Wright Catalogue describes 389 MSS in 408 numbers (which should have been 409 as the number CCCXCI is given in error to two different manuscripts, Or. 818 and Or. 820). Of these, the following do not belong to the Mäqdäla collection, as is clearly indicated by Wright, who marks the beginning and end of the collection in the index table respectively on pp. 329, Or. 480, and 334, Or. 829:

(a) 35 volumes acquired by the Museum 1847–67, commencing with Add. 18993, and ending with Or. 80, i.e. volumes acquired since the publication of Dillmann's catalogue of 1847;

(b) 3 volumes procured by Mr. Holmes on the way to Mäqdäla (Or. 451–3);

Vide also Zanutto, S., Bibliografia etiopica, secondo contribute: manoscritti etiopici, Roma, 1932, 67; Wright, , op. cit., pp. iii–iv. Ullendorff states that the Mäqdäla Collection at the British Museum consists of 373 MSS (‘The Ethiopic manuscripts in the Royal Library, Windsor Castle’, Rassegna di Studi Etiopici, xii, 1953, [pub.] 1954, 72; The Ethiopians, second ed., London, 1965, 19). This figure was arrived at by actual counting of the manuscripts at the British Museum in 1953 (letter from E. Ullendorff to the present writer, 9 May 1972).

⁵⁵ Letters from S. Streleyn to the present writer, 12 and 24 November 1971.

⁵⁶ Ullendorff, , art. cit., 71–2.

⁵⁷ idem, Catalogue of the Ethiopian manuscripts in the Bodleian Library, II, Oxford, 1951, p. vi.

⁵⁸ idem, in E. Ullendorff and S. G. Wright, Catalogue of Ethiopian manuscripts in the Cambridge University Library, Cambridge, 1961, p. viii.

⁵⁹ Wright, , op. cit., p. iv, note.

⁶⁰ Letters from S. Streleyn to the present writer, 12 and 24 November 1971.

⁶¹ Zanutto, , op. cit., 63; Laing, D., ‘A brief notice of an ancient ms. of the four Gospels, brought from Abyssinia, and presented to the Society (with other mss.), by Cap. Charles M'Inroy’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, VIII, 1871, 52–5.

⁶² Holland, and Hozier, , op. cit., I, 184.

⁶³ Budge, E. A. W., Legends of Our Lady Mary the perpetual Virgin and her mother Hanna, London, 1933, pp. vii–viii. Presumably Budge was convinced that the Meux manuscripts had belonged to the Imperial collection at Mäqdäla for on the title-page of the Legends it is stated that they were ‘translated from the Ethiopic manuscripts collected by King Theodore at Makdala andnow in the British Museum’. The title-page does not mention that the legends are translated only partly from manuscripts of the Museum. The preface makes this clear and also shows that Budge believed that the Meux manuscripts had originally been part of that collection. He writes: ‘Many scholars… have wondered how these five MSS become detached from the great Makdala Collection’.

⁶⁴ MSS 2 and 3 were used as sources in Grohmann, A., Aethiopische Marienhymnen, Leipzig, 1919.

⁶⁵ Menelik II was Emperor of Ethiopia 1889–1913.

⁶⁶ Budge, , op. cit., p. xiv.

⁶⁷ ibid., pp. xiv–xv.

⁶⁸ Times, 12 January 1911.

⁶⁹ ibid.

⁷⁰ ibid.

⁷¹ Times, 11 January 1911.

⁷² Times, 7 February 1911.

⁷³ Budge, , op. cit., p. xv, n. 1.

⁷⁴ Marcus, H. ‘The last years of the reign of the Emperor Menilek. 1906–13’, Journal of Semitic Studies, ix, I, 1964, 232–4.

⁷⁵ Budge, , op. cit.. p. xv, n. 1.

⁷⁶ Dawson, W. R., Who was who in Egyptology, London, 1951, 106–7.

⁷⁷ Cerulli, E., ‘I manoscritti etiopici della Chester Beatty Library in Dublino’, Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Memorie, Classe di Scienze morali, storiche e filologiche, Ser. viii, Vol. xi, 6, 1965, 290–1.

⁷⁸ Budge, E. A. W., The miracles of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and the life of Hannâ (Saint Anne), and the magical prayers of' Ahěta Mîkâêl, London, 1900.

⁷⁹ The coloured facsimiles were reproduced in England by W. Griggs and were inserted in the English text. The Ethiopic texts were printed by the eminent German firm of W. Drugulin of Leipzig because the necessary fount of type did not exist in England.

⁸⁰ idem, One hundred and ten miracles of Our Lady Mary, London. 1933, p.v.

⁸¹ Zanutto, , op. cit., 74; Reade, H., ‘An ancient Ethiopic vellum manuscript’, Bibliographer, 1883, 24.

⁸² Ullendorff, E., The Ethiopians, second ed., 19.

⁸³ Cerulli, , art. cit., 310.

⁸⁴ Rhodokanakis, N., Die äthiopischen Handschriften der k. k. Hofbibliothek zu Wien (Sitzungsberichte der k. Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, CLI, Phil.-hist. Klasse, 4), Wien, 1906, 2, 17.

⁸⁵ Dillmann, A., Die Handschriften-Verzeichnisse der Königlichen Bibliothek zu Berlin, III. Bd.: Verzeichniss der abessinischen Handschriften, Berlin, 1878, p. ii.

⁸⁶ Zotenberg, H., Catalogue des manuscrits é'thiopiens de la Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, 1877, p. iv.

⁸⁷ Grébaut, S. and Tisserant, E. (ed.), Bybliothecae Apostolicae Vaticanae codices manu scripti recensiti. Codices Aethiopici Vaticani et Borgiani, Barberinianus Orientalis 2, Rossianus 865. Pars prior: enarratio codicum. Bybliotheca Vaticana, 1935, 853.

⁸⁸ Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, ix, 1867–1870, [pub.] 1872, Appendix, pp. lx–lxi.

⁸⁹ Zanutto, , op. cit., 155–6.

⁹⁰ Wright, W., ‘List of the Magdala collection’, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, xxiv, 1870, 614–15.

⁹¹ Praetorius, F., Fabula de regina Sabaea apud Aethiopes, Halle, 1870.

⁹² Bezold, C., Kebra Nagast, die Herrlichkeit der Könige, Münehen, 1905.

⁹³ Roux, H. Le, Chez la Reine, de Saba, Paris, 1914, 96–7. Zanutto also believed that the manu-script belonged personally to Tewodros, , vide op.cit., 147.

⁹⁴ Haylä Maryam alleges that his father, who was from Aksum, witnessed an audience given by Yohannes to an embassy from Britain led by an admiral who presented him with a golden crown, which gift did not please him. When the admiral asked him for some message for the Queen, Yohannes is said to have replied: ‘Tell your Queen that the soldiers took from Tewodoros's room the book which is most prized by Ethiopian emperors. It is the history of the Queen of Sheba, of Solomon and their son: our book. I pray God it will come back’. Vide Roux, Le, op. cit., 97–9. There is no evidence of the return of a golden crown from England to Yohannes. The crown of Abuna Sälama, as well as his chalice, both taken a t Mäqdäla, are at the Victoria and Albert Museum; the gold crown of Tewodros was sent back to Ethiopia by King George V in 1925, the bearer being Ras Täfäri Mäkonnen. Vide Budge, , History of Abyssinia, London, 1928, II, 516–17; and the royal cap of Tewodros, together with his imperial seal, were returned by Queen Elizabeth II during her state visit to Ethiopia in 1965.

⁹⁵ Napier to India Office, 29 October 1869, FO 1/28.

⁹⁶ Kirkham to Granville, 10 and 31 October 1869, FO l/27b.

⁹⁷ Ullendorff, E. and Demoz, A., ‘Two letters from the Emperor Yohannes of Ethiopia to Queen Victoria and Lord Granville’, BSOAS, xxxii, 1, 1969, 135–42.

⁹⁸ Kuratä Re'esu. This picture was traditionally carried into battle and is mentioned in several chronicles; vide Guidi, I., Vocabolario amarico–italiano, Roma, 1901, 760–1. The chronicle of Iyasu II, 1730–55, mentions that the picture was donated to the church of Qwesqwam, on the outskirts of Gondar, by Iyasu's mother, Queen Mentewwab; vide I. Guidi (ed. and tr.), Annales regum Iyâsu II et Iyo'as (Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, LXVI. Scriptores Aethiopici, XLIX), reprinted, Louvain, 1954, 108.

⁹⁹ Yohannes to Victoria, 10 August 1872, FO 95/731. Crown copyright material is quoted by kind permission of the Controller of HMSO.

¹⁰⁰ Yohannes to Granville, 10 August 1872, FO 95/731.

¹⁰¹ Granville to Elliot, 18 December 1872, FO l/27b.

¹⁰² Hammond to Jones, 29 November 1872, FO 1/29.

¹⁰³ Jones to Granville, 17 December 1872, FO 1/29.

¹⁰⁴ Victoria to Yohannes, 18 December 1872, FO l/27b.

¹⁰⁵ Granville to Yohannes, 18 December 1872, FO l/27b.

¹⁰⁶ Granville to Kirkham, 30 November 1872, FO 1/29; Granville to Buchanan, 20 December 1872, FO l/27b.

¹⁰⁷ de Coursac, J., Le règne de Yohannes, Romans, Drôme, 1926, 118.

¹⁰⁸ Yohannes to Victoria, 15 May 1873, FO l/27b.

¹⁰⁹ Where Iyasu I was crowned. Vide Guidi, I. (ed. and tr.), Annales lohannis I, Iyāsu I et Bakāffā, II (Corp. Script. Christ. Orient., xxv. Script. Aeth., vIII), reprinted, Louvain, 1955, 170.

¹¹⁰ Jones to Granville, 18 December 1872, FO 1/29.

¹¹¹ Ullendorff, and Demoz, , art. oit., p. 135, n. 4.

¹¹² Roux, Le, op. cit., 101.

¹¹³ ibid., 115–16.

¹¹⁴ ibid., 116–17.

¹¹⁵ ibid., 118.

¹¹⁶ ibid., 120. Also quoted, with slight variations, in Le Roux's introduction to MrsVorst, J. Van (tr.), Magda, Queen of Sheba; from the ancient royal Abyssinian manuscript ‘The glory of the kings’, after the French translation of Le Roux, H., New York and London, 1907, 21–2.

¹¹⁷ ibid., 22–3.

¹¹⁸ Probably ṭed, Juniperxis procera, or pencil cedar, a tree native to Ethiopia.

¹¹⁹ Roux, Le, Chez la Reine, 119–20.

¹²⁰ A part of the text was published in his Chez la Heine de Saba, quoted above; a fuller translation was entitled Makeda, Heine de Saba. Chronique é'thiopienne, Paris, 1914: for the English translation see above p. 35, n. 116.

¹²¹ Rey, C. P., Unconquered Abyssinia, London, 1923, 164.

¹²² Daññe, Haylä Gäbre'el, Catalogue of manuscripts in Addis Ababa churches, Addis Ababa, 1963, I, No. 3, Raguel, No. 39. Unpublished manuscript, of which a copy is at the Institute of Ethiopian Studies, Haile Sellassie I University.

¹²³ Sellase, Gäbrä, Chronique du règne de Ménélik II, Paris, 1930–1932, I, 210. See also ibid., p. vii. On the same page the editor of this chronicle, M. de Coppet, notes that Gäbrä Sellase used a Kebrä nägäst as a source for events preceding this appointment as Sähafe Te'ezaz in 1880, but it cannot, of course, be assumed that he was using the copy discussed above.

¹²⁴ The tablet, usually of wood or stone, placed in the church's ‘holy of holies’ to symbolize the Ark of the Covenant.

¹²⁵ It was consecrated by His Beatitude Abuna Baselyos on the first day of the Ethiopian year, 1 Mäskäräm 1948 (11 September 1955).

¹²⁶ Times, 11 July 1942.

¹²⁷ The Royal Naval Rocket Brigade was with the leading troops in the advance on Mäqdäla; vide Holland, and Hozier, , op. cit., II, 473.

¹²⁸ Ethiopian Herald, 18 May 1968; Ethiopia. Ministry of Information and Tourism, His Imperial Majesty visits Asia, the Far East and Australia, Addis Ababa, 1968, 75.

¹²⁹ See above, p. 17, n. 14 and 15.

¹³⁰ The soldiers looted the homes of the prisoners. Waldmeier, , op. eit., 118, specifically mentions that they took books. Markham, , op. cit., 365, mentions that gently nurtured ladies among the fugitives ‘were eager to sell their personal ornaments, their sacred pictures and books… for the means of buying bread’.

¹³¹ Flad, , op. cit., II, 72, confirms that there was no looting on the way to and from Mäqdäla. Orders to pay for everything were strictly enforced, and, indeed, high prices were charged and paid. Vide Chojnacki, , art. cit., 36. Not too much weight need be attached to the account of the French traveller, A. Girard, who, after visiting Adwa in September 1868, was told that the English officers had emptied all the church libraries (Girard, A., Souvenirs d'un voyage en Abyssinie, 1868–1869, Le Caire, 1873, 242–3). The opposite is attested by numerous other accounts of the expedition.

¹³² Wright, , op. cit., p. iii.

¹³³ Flad, , op. cit., II, 72.

¹³⁴ Holland, and Hozier, , op. cit., II, 397.

¹³⁵ ibid., II, 397–8.

¹³⁶ Wright, , op. cit., p. iv.

¹³⁷ Budge, E. A. W. (ed. an d tr.), The life mid exploits of Alexander the Great, Cambridge, 1896.

¹³⁸ Gleichen, E., With the mission to Menelik 1897, London, 1898, 145.

¹³⁹ Zanutto, , op. cit., 144.

¹⁴⁰ This paper uses a modified form of the transliteration system devised by Stephen Wright and adopted by the Institute of Ethiopian Studies; it recommends that the very well established names of a few people and places be left in the commonly accepted spelling. This recommendation has in general been followed here.

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