Heraklion
Heraklion
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Heraklion Ηράκλειο | |||
|---|---|---|---|
 The Venetian fortress of Castello a Mare (1523–1540) guards the inner harbor of Heraklion. | |||
| |||
  Heraklion Location within the region  | |||
| Coordinates: 35°20′N 25°8′E / 35.333°N 25.133°E / 35.333; 25.133Coordinates: 35°20′N 25°8′E / 35.333°N 25.133°E / 35.333; 25.133 | |||
| Country | Greece | ||
| Administrative region | Crete | ||
| Regional unit | Heraklion | ||
| Government | |||
| • Mayor | Vasilis Labrinos | ||
| Area | |||
| • Urban | 225,574 km2 (87,095 sq mi) | ||
| • Municipality | 244.6 km2 (94.4 sq mi) | ||
| • Municipal unit | 109.0 km2 (42.1 sq mi) | ||
| Highest elevation | 33 m (108 ft) | ||
| Lowest elevation | 0 m (0 ft) | ||
| Population (2011)[1] | |||
| • Municipality | 173,993 | ||
| • Municipality density | 710/km2 (1,800/sq mi) | ||
| • Municipal unit | 166,209 | ||
| • Municipal unit density | 1,500/km2 (3,900/sq mi) | ||
| Demonym(s) | Heraklian, Heraclian | ||
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) | ||
| Postal code | 70x xx, 71x xx, 720 xx | ||
| Area code(s) | 281 | ||
| Vehicle registration | HK, HP, HZ | ||
| Website | www.heraklion-city.gr | ||
Heraklion or Heraclion (/hɪˈrækliən/; Greek: Ηράκλειο, Irákleio, pronounced [iˈraklio])[2] is the largest city and the administrative capital of the island of Crete. It is the fourth largest city in Greece. According to the results of the 2011 census, the population of the city proper was 166,209 inhabitants, the municipality's was 173,993 while the Heraklion urban area has a population of 225,574[citation needed] and it extends over an area of 684.3 km2 (264.2 sq mi).
Heraklion is the capital of Heraklion regional unit.
The Bronze Age palace of Knossos, also known as the Palace of Minos, is located nearby.
Contents
1 Names
2 History
2.1 Founding
2.2 Emirate of Crete
2.3 Byzantine era
2.4 Venetian era
2.5 Ottoman era
2.6 Modern era
3 Architecture and urban sculpture
4 Municipality
5 Neighborhoods
6 Suburbs
7 Transportation
7.1 Port
7.2 Airport
7.3 Highway network
7.4 Public transit
7.5 Railway
8 Climate
9 Colleges, universities, libraries, and research centers
10 Culture
10.1 Museums
10.2 Sports
10.3 Famous natives
10.3.1 Literature
10.3.2 Scientists and scholars
10.3.3 Painting and sculpture
10.3.4 Film industry
10.3.5 Music
10.3.6 Sports
10.3.7 Business
10.3.8 Politics
10.3.9 Law
10.3.10 Clergy
10.3.11 Fashion
10.3.12 Local TV stations
10.3.13 Local transport services
11 International relations
11.1 Consulates
11.2 Twin towns and sister cities
12 Location
13 Gallery
14 See also
15 References
16 External links
Names[edit]
The Arab raiders from al-Andalus (Iberia) who founded the Emirate of Crete moved the island's capital from Gortyna to a new castle they called rabḍ al-ḫandaq (Arabic: ربض الخندق, "Castle of the Moat") in the 820s.[3] This was hellenized as Χάνδαξ (Chándax) or Χάνδακας (Chándakas) and Latinized as Candia, which was taken into other European languages: in Italian and Latin as Candia, in French as Candie, in English as Candy, all of which could refer to the island of Crete as a whole as well as to the city alone; the Ottoman name was Kandiye.
After the Byzantine reconquest of Crete, the city was locally known as Megalo Kastro (Μεγάλο Κάστρο,[citation needed] 'Big Castle' in Greek) and its inhabitants were called Kastrinoi (Καστρινοί, "castle-dwellers").
The ancient name Ηράκλειον was revived in the 19th century[4] and comes from the nearby Roman port of Heracleum ("Heracles's city"), whose exact location is unknown. English usage formerly preferred the classicizing transliterations "Heraklion" or "Heraclion", but the form "Iraklion" is becoming more common.
History[edit]
The snake goddess (c.1600 BC) in Heraklion Archaeological Museum
Heraklion is close to the ruins of the palace of Knossos, which in Minoan times was the largest centre of population on Crete. Though there is no archaeological evidence of it, Knossos might well have had a port at the site of Heraklion as early as 2000 BC.
Founding[edit]
Emirate of Crete[edit]
A monk shows the Arabs where to build Heraklion
The present city of Heraklion was founded in 824 by the Arabs under Abu Hafs Umar who had been expelled from Al-Andalus by Emir Al-Hakam I and had taken over the island from the Eastern Roman Empire. They built a moat around the city for protection, and named the city ربض الخندق, rabḍ al-ḫandaq ("Castle of the Moat"). It became the capital of the Emirate of Crete (ca. 827–961). The Saracens allowed the port to be used as a safe haven for pirates who operated against Imperial (Byzantine) shipping and raided Imperial territory around the Aegean.
Byzantine era[edit]
In 960, Byzantine forces under the command of Nikephoros Phokas, later to become Emperor, landed in Crete and attacked the city. After a prolonged siege, the city fell in March 961. The Saracen inhabitants were slaughtered, the city looted and burned to the ground. Soon rebuilt, the town was renamed Χάνδαξ, Chandax, and remained under Greek control for the next 243 years.
Venetian era[edit]
In 1204, the city was bought by the Republic of Venice as part of a complicated political deal which involved, among other things, the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade restoring the deposed Eastern Roman Emperor Isaac II Angelus to his throne. The Venetians improved on the ditch of the city by building enormous fortifications, most of which are still in place, including a giant wall, in places up to 40 m thick, with 7 bastions, and a fortress in the harbour. Chandax was renamed Candia and became the seat of the Duke of Candia, and the Venetian administrative district of Crete became known as "Regno di Candia" (Kingdom of Candia). The city retained the name of Candia for centuries and the same name was often used to refer to the whole island of Crete as well. To secure their rule, Venetians began in 1212 to settle families from Venice on Crete. The coexistence of two different cultures and the stimulus of Italian Renaissance led to a flourishing of letters and the arts in Candia and Crete in general, that is today known as the Cretan Renaissance.
Ottoman era[edit]
The Ottoman Vezir Mosque (1856), built on the site of the church of St Titus, and now the basilica of St Titus.
During the Cretan War (1645–1669), the Ottomans besieged the city for 21 years, from 1648 to 1669, perhaps the longest siege in history. In its final phase, which lasted for 22 months, 70,000 Turks, 38,000 Cretans and slaves and 29,088 of the city's Christian defenders perished.[5] The Ottoman army under an Albanian grand vizier, Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha conquered the city in 1669. Under the Ottomans, the city was known officially as Kandiye (again also applied to the whole island of Crete) but informally in Greek as Megalo Castro (Μεγάλο Κάστρο; "Big Castle"). During the Ottoman period, the harbour silted up, so most shipping shifted to Chania in the west of the island.
Modern era[edit]
In 1898, the autonomous Cretan State was created, under Ottoman suzerainty, with Prince George of Greece as its High Commissioner and under international supervision. During the period of direct occupation of the island by the Great Powers (1898–1908), Candia was part of the British zone. At this time, the city was renamed "Heraklion", after the Roman port of Heracleum ("Heracles' city"), whose exact location is unknown.
In 1913, with the rest of Crete, Heraklion was incorporated into the Kingdom of Greece. Heraklion became again capital of Crete in 1971, replacing Chania.[6]
Architecture and urban sculpture[edit]
The fountain in Lions Square.
The Venetian loggia (1626–28).
Agios Minas Cathedral in honour of Saint Menas, patron saint of the city.
At the port of the city dominate the Venetian constructions, such as the Koules Fortress (Castello a Mare), the ramparts and the arsenal.
Around the city can be found several sculptures, statues and busts commemorating significant events and figures of the city's and island's history, like El Greco, Vitsentzos Kornaros, Nikos Kazantzakis and Eleftherios Venizelos.
Also, many fountains of the Venetian-era are preserved, such as the Bembo fountain, the Priuli fountain, Palmeti fountain, Sagredo fountain and Morosini fountain (in Lions Square).
Municipality[edit]
The municipality Heraklion was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 5 former municipalities, that became municipal units:[7]
- Gorgolainis
- Heraklion
- Nea Alikarnassos
- Paliani
- Temenos
The municipality has an area of 244.613 km2, the municipal unit 109.026 km2.[8]
Neighborhoods[edit]
- Agia Ekaterini
- Agia Erini Chrisovalantou
- Agia Marina
- Agia Triada
- Agios Dimitrios
- Agios Ioannis
- Agios Ioannis Chostos
- Agios Minas
- Agios Titos
- Akadimia
- Ampelokipoi
- Analipsi
- Atsalenio
- Chanioporta
- Chrisopigi
- Dilina
- Dimokratias
- Estavromenos
- Filothei
- Fortetsa
- Ilioupoli
- Kamaraki
- Kaminia
- Katsampas
- Kenouria Porta
- Kipoupoli
- Komeno Mpenteni
- Korakovouni
- Koroni Magara
- Knossos
- Lido
- Marathitis
- Mastabas
- Mesabelies
- Mpentevi
- Nea Alatsata
- Pananio
- Papatitou Metochi
- Pateles
- Poros
- Therissos
- Tris Vagies
- Xiropotamos
Suburbs[edit]
- Agia Erini
- Agia Marina
- Agioi Theodoroi
- Agios Syllas
- Ammoudara
- Amnisos
- Ano Kalesia
- Athanati
- Dafnes
- Finikia
- Gazi urban area
- Giofyrakia
- Gournes Temenous
- Kallithea
- Karteros
- Kato Kalesia
- Kavrochori
- Kollyvas
- Ksirokabos
- Malades
Nea Alikarnassos urban area- Sillamos
- Skafidaras
- Skalani
- Vasilies
- Voutes
Transportation[edit]
Port[edit]
Heraklion is an important shipping port and ferry dock. Travellers can take ferries and boats from Heraklion to destinations including Santorini, Ios Island, Paros, Mykonos, and Rhodes. There are direct ferries to Naxos, Karpathos, Kasos, Sitia, Anafi, Chalki and Diafani[9]. There are also several daily ferries to Piraeus, the port of Athens in mainland Greece.
Airport[edit]
Heraklion International Airport, or Nikos Kazantzakis Airport is located about 5 kilometres (3 miles) east of the city. The airport is named after Heraklion native Nikos Kazantzakis, a writer and a philosopher. It is the second busiest airport of Greece after Athens International Airport, first in charter flights and the 65th busiest in Europe, because of Crete being a major holiday destination with 7.480.408 travellers in 2017 (List of the busiest airports in Europe).
In April 2018, the inner space of the airport has been modernized and expanded by almost 3.000 s.m., with 11 new gates and new stores. The expansion was a donation by Hellenic Duty Free Shops.
The airfield is shared with the 126th Combat Group of the Hellenic Air Force.
A project for the new airport of Heraklion in Kasteli area is starting at the end of 2017.[citation needed]
Highway network[edit]
European route E75 runs through the city and connects Heraklion with the three other major cities of Crete: Agios Nikolaos, Chania, and Rethymno.
Public transit[edit]
Urban bus in Heraklion
Urban buses serving the city, with 39 different routes.[10] Intercity buses connects Heraklion to many major destinations in Crete [2].
Railway[edit]
From 1922 to 1937, there was a working industrial railway, which connected the Koules in Heraklion to Xiropotamos for the construction of the harbor.
A study from the year 2000 investigated the feasibility of two tram lines in Heraklion. The first line would link the Stadium to the airport, and the second the center of Heraklion and Knossos. No approval has yet been given for this proposal.
In the summer of 2007, at the Congress of Cretan emigrants, held in Heraklion, two qualified engineers, George Nathenas (from Gonies, Malevizi Province) and Vassilis Economopoulos, recommended the development of a railway line in Crete, linking Chania, Rethymno and Heraklion, with a total journey time of 50 minutes (30 minutes between Heraklion and Rethymno, 20 minutes from Chania to Rethymno) and with provision for extensions to Kissamos, Kastelli Pediados (for the planned new airport), and Agios Nikolaos. No plans exist for implementing this idea.
Climate[edit]
Heraklion has a hot-summer-Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Köppen climate classification). Summers are warm to hot and dry with clear skies. Dry hot days are often relieved by seasonal breezes. Winters are very mild with moderate rain. Because Heraklion is further south than Athens, it has a warmer climate during winter but cooler during summer because of the Aegean sea. The maximum temperature during the summer period is usually not more than 28 - 30°C (Athens normal maximum temperature is about 6°C hotter). The minimum temperature record is -0.2 °C
A new temperature record for February was set at 27.8°C, reached on 15 February 2016.[11]
| Climate data for Heraklion 1961–1990 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 29.9 (85.8) | 29.2 (84.6) | 34.0 (93.2) | 37.5 (99.5) | 38.0 (100.4) | 41.3 (106.3) | 43.6 (110.5) | 44.5 (112.1) | 39.5 (103.1) | 37.0 (98.6) | 32.5 (90.5) | 28.5 (83.3) | 44.5 (112.1) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 15.2 (59.4) | 15.5 (59.9) | 16.8 (62.2) | 20.2 (68.4) | 23.5 (74.3) | 27.3 (81.1) | 28.6 (83.5) | 28.4 (83.1) | 26.4 (79.5) | 23.1 (73.6) | 20.1 (68.2) | 17.0 (62.6) | 21.8 (71.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 12.6 (54.7) | 12.8 (55.0) | 13.8 (56.8) | 16.6 (61.9) | 20.2 (68.4) | 23.7 (74.7) | 25.7 (78.3) | 25.6 (78.1) | 23.4 (74.1) | 20.3 (68.5) | 17.4 (63.3) | 14.5 (58.1) | 18.9 (66.0) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 10.0 (50.0) | 10.0 (50.0) | 10.8 (51.4) | 13.0 (55.4) | 15.9 (60.6) | 20.0 (68.0) | 22.7 (72.9) | 22.7 (72.9) | 20.3 (68.5) | 17.5 (63.5) | 14.7 (58.5) | 12.0 (53.6) | 15.8 (60.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 0.0 (32.0) | −0.8 (30.6) | 0.3 (32.5) | 4.2 (39.6) | 6.0 (42.8) | 12.2 (54.0) | 14.5 (58.1) | 16.6 (61.9) | 12.0 (53.6) | 8.7 (47.7) | 4.2 (39.6) | 2.4 (36.3) | −0.8 (30.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 91.5 (3.60) | 77.4 (3.05) | 57.4 (2.26) | 30.0 (1.18) | 15.2 (0.60) | 3.2 (0.13) | 1.0 (0.04) | 0.7 (0.03) | 19.5 (0.77) | 68.8 (2.71) | 58.8 (2.31) | 77.1 (3.04) | 500.6 (19.72) |
| Average precipitation days | 10.1 | 9.1 | 6.9 | 3.4 | 1.9 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 4.9 | 6.0 | 8.9 | 53.2 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 117.8 | 124.7 | 176.7 | 228.0 | 300.7 | 351.0 | 372.0 | 347.2 | 282.0 | 198.4 | 150.0 | 120.9 | 2,769.4 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 3.8 | 4.5 | 5.7 | 7.6 | 9.7 | 11.7 | 12.0 | 11.2 | 9.4 | 6.4 | 5.0 | 3.9 | 7.6 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 38 | 41 | 48 | 58 | 69 | 78 | 86 | 86 | 78 | 58 | 50 | 39 | 61 |
| Source: Weather Atlas[12] meteo-climat (extremes)[13] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Heraklion | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average sea temperature °C (°F) | 17.1 (62.8) | 16.4 (61.5) | 16.5 (61.7) | 17.1 (62.8) | 19.5 (67.1) | 23.0 (73.4) | 25.4 (77.7) | 26.1 (79.0) | 25.4 (77.7) | 23.3 (73.9) | 20.6 (69.1) | 18.4 (65.1) | 20.7 (69.3) |
| Mean daily daylight hours | 10.0 | 11.0 | 12.0 | 13.0 | 14.0 | 15.0 | 14.0 | 13.0 | 12.0 | 11.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 12.1 |
| Average Ultraviolet index | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 8 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 6.4 |
| Source: Weather Atlas[12] | |||||||||||||
Colleges, universities, libraries, and research centers[edit]
- University of Crete
- TEI of Crete
- Foundation for Research & Technology - Hellas
Nicolas Kitsikis Library- Vikelaia Library http://www.heraklion.gr/en/municipality/vikelaia
Culture[edit]
Natural History Museum of Crete
Pankritio Stadium
Heraklion Indoor Sports Arena
Museums[edit]
- Heraklion Archaeological Museum
- Cretaquarium
- Historical Museum of Crete
- Natural History Museum
- The Battle of Crete and National Resistance Museum
- Nikos Kazantzakis Museum
- Lychnostatis Open Air Museum
- Collection of Agia Aikaterini of Sinai
- Museum of Visual Arts
Sports[edit]
The city is home to several sports clubs. Most notably, Heraklion hosts OFI and Ergotelis, two football clubs with earlier presence in the Greek Superleague, the top tier of the Greek football league system. Furthermore, the city is the headquarters of the Heraklion Football Clubs Association, which administers football in the entire region. Other notable sport clubs include Iraklio B.C. (basketball), Atsalenios (football) and Irodotos (football) in the suburbs of Atsalenio and Nea Alikarnassos respectively.
| Notable Sport clubs based in Heraklion | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Club | Founded | Sports | Current Season |
 OFI | 1925 | Football, Basketball | Superleague, Greek C Basket League |
 Ergotelis | 1929 | Football, Basketball | Football League, Cretan Basket League |
 Iraklio | 1928 | Basketball | Cretan Basket League |
| Irodotos | 1932 | Football, Basketball | Football League, Cretan Basket League |
 Atsalenios | 1951 | Football | Gamma Ethniki |
Famous natives[edit]
Nicholas Kalliakis was a significant Renaissance humanist, scholar and philosopher from Heraklion.[14]
El Greco (Dominikos Theotokopoulos)
Cyril Lucaris
Epitaph on Nikos Kazantzakis' grave. I hope for nothing, I fear nothing, I'm free.
Heraklion has been the home town of some of Greece's most significant spirits, including the novelist Nikos Kazantzakis (perhaps best known for his novel Zorba the Greek), the poet and Nobel Prize winner Odysseas Elytis and the world-famous painter Domenicos Theotokopoulos (El Greco).
Literature[edit]
Elli Alexiou (1894–1988) author
Minás Dimákis (1913–1980) poet
Odysseas Elytis (1911–1996) Nobel awarded poet
Tess Fragoulis, Greek-Canadian author
Rea Galanaki (1947–present) author
Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi (1749–1798), author and diplomat
Nikos Kazantzakis (1883–1957) author
Pedro de Candia, (1485–1542) author and travel writer, recorded the Spanish Conquest of the Americas
Vitsentzos Kornaros (1553–1613) author
Stephanos Sahlikis (1330-after 1391) poet
Lili Zografou (1922–1998) author
Scientists and scholars[edit]
Nicholas Kalliakis (1645–1707) Greek Cretan scholar and philosopher[15]
Niccolò Comneno Papadopoli (1655–1740) lawyer, historian and librarian
Andreas Musalus (ca. 1665–1721) Greek Cretan professor of mathematics, philosopher and architectural theorist[16]
Francesco Barozzi (1537–1604) mathematician and astronomer
Joseph Solomon Delmedigo (1591-1655) rabbi, author, physician, mathematician and musical theorist
Fotis Kafatos biologist, President of the European Research Council
Spyros Kokotos (1933–present) architect
Maximos Margunios (1549–1602) scholar, theologian, poet and writer, titular bishop of Kythira
Marcus Musurus (Markos Mousouros) (1470–1517) scholar and philosopher
Peter of Candia also known as Antipope Alexander V: philosopher and scholar
Joseph Sifakis (1946–present) computer scientist, co-recipient of the 2007 Turing Award
Michael N. Katehakis (1952–present) applied mathematician and operations researcher at Rutgers University
Gerasimos Vlachos (1607–1685), scholar
Simone Stratigo (ca. 1733–1824), Greek mathematician and an Nautical science expert, whose family was from Heraklion (Candia)[17]
Painting and sculpture[edit]
Theophanes (ca.1500–1559) painter of icons
Michael Damaskinos (1530/35-1592/93) painter of icons
El Greco (1541–1614) mannerist painter, sculptor and architect
Yiannis Parmakelis (1932-), sculptor
Theodoros Poulakis (1622–1692) painter of icons
Andreas Ritzos (1422–1492) painter of icons
Emmanuel Tzanes (1610–1690) painter of icons
Aristidis Vlassis (1947–2015) painter
Konstantinos Volanakis (1837–1907) painter
Film industry[edit]
Rika Diallina (1934-), actress and model, Miss Hellas
Ilya Livykou (1919–2002), actress
Sapfo Notara (1907–1985), actress
Yannis Smaragdis (1946-), film director
Music[edit]
Rena Kyriakou (1918–1994) pianist
Francisco Leontaritis (Francesco Londarit) (1518–1572) composer
Giannis Markopoulos (1939-) composer
Manolis Rasoulis (1945–2011) lyrics writer
Nikos Xilouris (1936–1980) composer and singer
Notis Sfakianakis (1959-) singer
Sports[edit]
Nikos Machlas (1973-) footballer
Georgios Samaras (1985-) footballer
Greg Massialas (1956-), American fencer and fencing coach
Business[edit]
Constantine Corniaktos (1517–1603) wine merchant and wealthiest man in the Eastern European city of Lviv[18]
Gianna Angelopoulos-Daskalaki (1955-) business woman, lawyer and politician
Politics[edit]
Leonidas Kyrkos (1924–2011), politician
Aristidis Stergiadis (1861–1950) High Commissioner of Smyrna
Georgios Voulgarakis (1959-) conservative politician
Law[edit]
Romilos Kedikoglou (1940-) President of the Court of Cassation of Greece
Clergy[edit]
Maximos Margunios (1549–1602), bishop of Cyrigo (Kythira)
Kyrillos Loukaris (1572–1637) theologian, Pope & Patriarch of Alexandria as Cyril III and Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople as Cyril I
Meletius Pegas, Pope & Patriarch of Alexandria
Theodore II (1954-) Pope & Patriarch of Alexandria and all Africa
Peter Phillarges (ca. 1339–1410) (also Pietro Di Candia, later Pope Alexander V)
Fashion[edit]
Maria Spiridaki (1984) fashion model and television presenter
Local TV stations[edit]
- Channel 4
- Creta Channel
- Kriti TV
- MyTV
Local transport services[edit]
- KTEL Buses
- [3]
- Heraklion Crete Taxi Services
International relations[edit]
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) |
Prefecture of Crete
Consulates[edit]
|
|
Twin towns and sister cities[edit]
Heraklion is twinned with:
Limassol, Cyprus[19]
Odessa, Ukraine (1992)[20]
Location[edit]
| Fira | | |
| Chania – Rethymno |  | Agios Nikolaos |
| Tympaki – Moires | Archanes | Ierapetra |
Gallery[edit]
View of the port from the fortress
View of the port
The harbour
Α part of the Venetian harbour (used as shipyards)
The Phaistos disk (2nd millennium BC) in Heraklion Archaeological Museum
Depiction of Candia, 1487
Idomeneas fountain
St. Peter of Dominicans
Jesus Gate, part of the Fortifications of Heraklion
Chanioporta and Pantokratoras Gate
Saint Mark's bacilica, now housing the municipal gallery
Bembo fountain
Saint Catherine Church
Historical Museum of Crete
Depiction of the Siege of Candia
St. Matthew of the Sinaites Byzantine church
Interior of the Fortress
See also[edit]
- Centre for Technological Research of Crete
- European Network and Information Security Agency
- Foundation for Research & Technology - Hellas
- Handakos Street
- Lions Square
- Minoan civilization
Siege of Candia (1648–1669)- TEI of Crete
- University of Crete
References[edit]
^ ab "Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός" (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ Pronunciation for Ηράκλειο
^ Encyclopaedia of Islam, s.v. Iķrīṭish
^ it was in use by the local people by 1867, see Samuel Gridley Howe, The Cretan refugees and their American helpers, 1867 [1]
^ The War for Candia
^
"Heraklion". visit-ancient-greece.com. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
^ Kallikratis law Greece Ministry of Interior (in Greek)
^ "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)" (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-21.
^ https://www.directferries.co.uk/heraklion_ferry.htm
^ Iraklio urban buses
^ http://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=16754&lang=en&decoded=yes&ndays=2&ano=2016&mes=02&day=16&hora=11
^ ab "Heraklion, Greece - Climate data". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
^ . meteo-climat http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-530-Heraklion.php. Retrieved December 2, 2018. Missing or empty|title=(help)
^ Lathrop C. Harper (1886). Catalogue / Harper (Lathrop C.) inc., New York, Issue 232. Lathrop C. Harper, Inc. p. 36. OCLC 11558801.Calliachius (1645–1707) was born on Crete and went to Italy at an early age, where he soon became one of the outstanding teachers of Greek and Latin.
^ Rose, Hugh James; Rose, Henry John; Wright, Thomas (1857). A new general biographical dictionary, Volume 5. T. Fellowes. p. 425. OCLC 309809847.CALLIACHI, (Nicholas,) a native of Candia, where he was born in 1645. He studied at Rome for ten years, at the end of which time he was made doctor of philosophy and theology. In 1666 he was invited to Venice, to take the chair of professor of the Greek and Latin languages, and of the Aristotelic philosophy; and in 1677 he was appointed professor of belles-lettres at Padua, where he died in 1707. His works on antiquities are valuable, and have been published by the marquis Poloni in the third volume of his Supplement to the Thesaurus Antiquitatum.
^ Convegno internazionale nuove idee e nuova arte nell '700 italiano, Roma, 19–23 maggio 1975. Accademia nazionale dei Lincei. 1977. p. 429. OCLC 4666566.Nicolò Duodo riuniva alcuni pensatori ai quali Andrea Musalo, oriundo greco, professore di matematica e dilettante di architettura chiariva le nuove idée nella storia dell’arte.
^ Carlo Capra; Franco Della Peruta; Fernando Mazzocca (2002). Napoleone e la repubblica italiana: 1802–1805. Skira. p. 200. ISBN 978-88-8491-415-6.Simone Stratico, nato a Zara nel 1733 da famiglia originaria di Creta (abbandonata a seguito della conquista turca del 1669)
^ I︠A︡roslav Dmytrovych Isai︠e︡vych (2006). Voluntary brotherhood: confraternities of laymen in early modern Ukraine. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press. p. 47. ISBN 1-894865-03-0.…the Greek merchants Constantine Korniakt and Manolis Arphanes Marinetos are added. This second redaction appeared no earlier than 1589, as wealthy Greeks began to join the confraternity at a later date, once it had expanded its activities. Korniakt was actually the wealthiest man in Lviv: he traded in Eastern, Western, and local goods, collected customs duty on behalf of the king, and owned a number of villages.
^ "Limassol Twinned Cities". Limassol (Lemesos) Municipality. Archived from the original on 2013-04-01. Retrieved 2013-07-29.
^ "Twinnings" (PDF). Central Union of Municipalities & Communities of Greece. Retrieved 2013-08-25.
External links[edit]
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Herakleion. |
 | Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Candia. |
Heraklion travel guide from Wikivoyage- Municipality of Heraklion
- Heraklion information
Heraklion - The Greek National Tourism Organization- The beaches of Heraklion
Heraklion at Curlie
Heraklion travel guide from WikivoyageAdministrative division of the Crete Region | ||
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Categories:
- Populated places in Heraklion (regional unit)
- Heraklion
- 824 establishments
- Greek prefectural capitals
- Greek regional capitals
- Municipalities of Crete
- Populated places established in the 9th century
- Mediterranean port cities and towns in Greece
- Port cities of the Aegean Sea
- Fortified settlements
- 9th-century establishments in Greece
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